After years of scrutinizing South Africa’s political and social paradigm shift – I vehemently believe that South African men are in crisis, due to perceptions and expectations that society bestows on them regarding their brawny behaviour towards women and themselves. In today’s world certain men are no longer concerned with their family obligations or fatherly duties but, rather immense themselves with toxic substances like alcohol or even choose the road of absentia, both emotionally and physically - a realism that is supported by the number of young and older women who are left to bring up their children on their own. This has placed a lot of hardships on some relationships in certain cases living permanent scars, even affectionate love will not heal. I witness daily deprivation of our South African men, brought on by the expectations of being a provider and bread-winner in due course, driving other men to be abusive towards their spouse and children.
Men were brought up under the notion that crying is for ‘sissies’ and that real men do not shed any tears. You know what I say: “Tell that to the caveman!” Watching Noeleen’s show, Three Talk during 2007 - a certain gentleman on the panel commented that South African man need to learn to be ‘emotionally viable’ and that is not done through suppression of feelings, therefore man need to learn that emotions are what drives the core of who you really are and they determine the nature of your other relationships, be it with your lover, friends or acquaintances. Your emotions need to be re-evaluated daily in order for you to keep a constant balance of what your needs are and what society requires of you. Men who ignore their innate emotions end up trying to compensate for that by being either chauvinistic or abusive towards the opposite sex.
I commented, via telephone, on my experiences of under-going an initiation as a Healer that, you are taught not to suppress any of your feelings; however this does not equal me to a lesser man but, a spiritually intuitive one. And so I learned to control and reach an equilibrium between my female and male powers. A man that is not ‘emotional-viable’ is either a man that cannot support their family and finds it hard to cope or a man that is overlooked and disrespected for his hard work so finds it hard to be compassionate and loving towards his family.
Take my neighbourhood fore instance: We have more taverns than the are places for children to play constructive games that will improve their social and academic skills and it shames me to say there’s no single library on site, not even a park for that matter. Men go to these places after work as they say; to ‘distress’, then go home at mid-night, which makes me wonder, about the well being of the marriage, spouse, the children and to say the least, the perpetrator himself. Their solace is found in a bottle.
Most men believe that money holds the key to respect and love, in any relationship which of-course is unfortunately excruciatingly true. Women are also responsible for bringing this impression to reality, as in every game there are two players. Men who turn to crime are men who are face with a prisoner’s dilemma of whether to leave or stay, as we all know women need a provider and not just a grabber. This is depicted in the Grammy Award winning song by Kenya West that bellowed on our local radio stations: “I ain’t saying she’s a gold digger but, she ain’t messing with no broke, broke…Get down girl go ‘head get down!” The song illustrate satirical connotations, which places a price tag on love itself – in many cases, placing men in a crisis in terms of acceptance by our better half. This may seem untrue but, a man with deeper pockets can buy affection. It is what men have to deal with day in and day out and that’s the reality of the world we live in today. I can be a compassionate, loving, and caring non smoker, non drinker male but, if I don’t have no money most women won’t have me. So I choose to live by the words of Lauryn Hill: ‘Wisdom is better than silver and gold.” (The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill)
Our economic environment has undeniably changed over the years hence, allowing more and more women to venture into the corporate world and also creating a pathway into bringing about gender equity and an economic power balance. However most men are in crisis with this due to the government’s quota system as in most job applications they are left outside in the rain with women acquiring a larger percentage in the quota. I personally have no problem with the quota system because, I am feminist at heart and believe that everyone is created equal, women as well as men must be treated under the some light and no one must receive lesser opportunities.
My concerns though, lie with women and men who are obsessed with power and use that to influence everyone around them to get their way in the world. I have met a few people who are tyrannical in their endeavours in the world but, mostly emotionally tyrannical and I’m sorry to say that these were women. In one incident an old girlfriend of mine told me unequivocally that she is doing me a ‘favour’ by coming to visit me after we have been speaking on the phone for about two weeks, with me calling her every time. Now you tell me; where’s the compassion in those words? Maybe this was caused by my lack of education or my kindness, I don’t know and I will never know.
Yes, men are in a crisis - if it means their compliance to power is mistaken as weakness. Yes they are in crisis, if their respect is taken as uncompromising submission, if women in power treat men with the some chauvinistic ideals that our forefathers gave their women. Yes men are in crisis if they continue to be abusive to themselves and don’t look after the young generation.
Men have to realise that the age of change has arrived and that women have a right to the countries’ economical stake just as men had, ever since the dawn of time. We as a nation must open our eyes to the prosperity of our country in the global fields. The president needs to set a good example as the father of South Africans and bring the two forces that drive this nation together to enable a cohesion of minds and mobility to make South Africa one of the best in the world. Leaders must not degrade the men of this nation in the faces of their women - let us be men of honour and bring light and love to our country by dispelling all other notions of prejudice, sexism and inequality. Let true love reign!
WORD TO A NEW MEN REVOLUTION!
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
LINDA SAKAZI THWALA'S WORD: Life is a South African Journey _______ Contact: +27730376405
Thursday, December 24, 2009
Thursday, December 17, 2009
DESTRUCTION OF CHARACTER
A destruction of characters is imminent in any family or communal environment, due to types of personalities that seek to learn the ways of the world - thus conflict with other personalities. Conflicting personalities will always sprout up as powers of different characters want to prove to others that they are the ‘ultimate personality’. A meaningful cohesion should be reached when personalities enter into any dialogue or communication channel. This should be done by each party to accommodate one another; to avoid personalities from ‘self-annihilation’ or a ‘self-destructive personality’ that is created by a lack of confidence in each person.
In a home environment you need to find common ground in harmonizing different personal characters. Common ground needs to be found when different characters fuse in any communal environment to make relations intertwine in a way that builds character for any individual, ultimately building families, communities and nations – it is what I call, ‘Harmony of Characters’. If this is not achieved within a family structure ‘Self- Cognitive Development’ of any individual will be damaged at a very early age.
When a character of a man, woman, siblings or other characters fuse in a family structure, influenced by other relationships and the milieu they coexist in, a disharmony is bound to arise, because individuals cannot and will not act in a way that suites the next character. ‘Self – Cognitive Development’ is hampered when a different character fuses with characters that want them to act in a certain manner or as they do to situations pertaining to; love, sex, and relationships - behavioral patterns that destroy individuals.
‘Name-calling’ is one of the greatest techniques that abusers use to destroy others within a family, communal or social structure. When a little child grows up with a different view to the world which, other little children or siblings cannot see, that little child is bound to be subjected to name-calling. This technique of name-calling is evident between couples that perpetuate abusive tendencies that undeniably lead to physical abuse. Name-calling belittles a person, and makes then want to revolt against the instigator, which after a persistent verbal altercation, leads to a physical clash between two verbal abusers.
Name-calling leads to, psychological and emotional degradations to an abused child, thus affect their ‘Self-Cognitive Development’ - creating an emotional submissive personality towards others or the world at large that we label as ‘Introverts’ or reclusive character.
A reclusive character is a product of abuse through name-calling and belittlement by destructive characters that perpetuate abuse, as they themselves feel inadequate in their own environment. Reclusive characters turn to ‘self-annihilation’ as a cry for help. Self destructive personalities overindulge in things that destroy their personality more - things such as alcohol, sex, drugs, hatred and violence. As a form of revolt against their abusive perpetuators, reclusive characters become physical abusers themselves, which in an extreme situation leads them to be ‘serial-killers’, ‘dictators’, ‘homophobes’ or ‘misogynists’.
When I was growing up, some of my younger acquaintances did not realize that I myself was walking around with a lot of emotional baggage, so they turned to name-calling as a form of attack towards me. I was labeled a “Homo”, “Gay”, “Mama’s boy” and “FB” or “Father-Baby” by people I respected in my school and communal environments. My neighbours feared me, so they also perpetuated the name-calling abuse – thus I labeled myself a “Loner” and only spoke to individuals that saw me for who I am and what I could be. I am not Gay, however I respect Gays and Lesbians as equals and do not address then with any sexist remarks or sexual connotations that will disrespect them as individuals. Consequently, I do not appreciate Gay men who disrespect me as a heterosexual man and want me to conform to their natured ways.
Destructive characters succumb to verbal, emotional and physical abuse to annihilate ‘Self- Conscious’ personalities that refrain from perpetuating similar abusive tendencies in any environment. ‘Self-Conscious’ individuals are those that aim to speak and not shout, to love and not hate, to mend and not break, to build and preserve. ‘Self-Conscious’ individuals aim at seeking development solutions for others through cultural, economical, social liberties that enhances individual growth. ‘Self-Conscious’ individuals are pacifist at heart and are against abuse of any kind. ‘Self-Conscious’ individuals are nonentities, who are belittled and who learn to rise above verbal, emotional, and physical abusers and become leaders in their own right.
The duality of characters in any environment needs to be acknowledged as masculine and feminine characteristics cannot and will not coexist, if there is no ‘harmony of characters’ within a family, communal or societal milieu. It all starts with us as individual to restrain ourselves to perpetuating abusive tendencies towards others. Abusive tendencies such as sexual abuse, alcoholic abuse, drug abuse, and physical abuse can be expunged through self-respect, which will filter through to communal and societal structures. Men and women need to respect each other, and acknowledge that they are not similar in character and physic, therefore teach our future generations to respect individual characters, and ‘self-cognitive development’ of any individuals.
WORD TO A NEW SELF-AWARENESS REVOLUTION
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
In a home environment you need to find common ground in harmonizing different personal characters. Common ground needs to be found when different characters fuse in any communal environment to make relations intertwine in a way that builds character for any individual, ultimately building families, communities and nations – it is what I call, ‘Harmony of Characters’. If this is not achieved within a family structure ‘Self- Cognitive Development’ of any individual will be damaged at a very early age.
When a character of a man, woman, siblings or other characters fuse in a family structure, influenced by other relationships and the milieu they coexist in, a disharmony is bound to arise, because individuals cannot and will not act in a way that suites the next character. ‘Self – Cognitive Development’ is hampered when a different character fuses with characters that want them to act in a certain manner or as they do to situations pertaining to; love, sex, and relationships - behavioral patterns that destroy individuals.
‘Name-calling’ is one of the greatest techniques that abusers use to destroy others within a family, communal or social structure. When a little child grows up with a different view to the world which, other little children or siblings cannot see, that little child is bound to be subjected to name-calling. This technique of name-calling is evident between couples that perpetuate abusive tendencies that undeniably lead to physical abuse. Name-calling belittles a person, and makes then want to revolt against the instigator, which after a persistent verbal altercation, leads to a physical clash between two verbal abusers.
Name-calling leads to, psychological and emotional degradations to an abused child, thus affect their ‘Self-Cognitive Development’ - creating an emotional submissive personality towards others or the world at large that we label as ‘Introverts’ or reclusive character.
A reclusive character is a product of abuse through name-calling and belittlement by destructive characters that perpetuate abuse, as they themselves feel inadequate in their own environment. Reclusive characters turn to ‘self-annihilation’ as a cry for help. Self destructive personalities overindulge in things that destroy their personality more - things such as alcohol, sex, drugs, hatred and violence. As a form of revolt against their abusive perpetuators, reclusive characters become physical abusers themselves, which in an extreme situation leads them to be ‘serial-killers’, ‘dictators’, ‘homophobes’ or ‘misogynists’.
When I was growing up, some of my younger acquaintances did not realize that I myself was walking around with a lot of emotional baggage, so they turned to name-calling as a form of attack towards me. I was labeled a “Homo”, “Gay”, “Mama’s boy” and “FB” or “Father-Baby” by people I respected in my school and communal environments. My neighbours feared me, so they also perpetuated the name-calling abuse – thus I labeled myself a “Loner” and only spoke to individuals that saw me for who I am and what I could be. I am not Gay, however I respect Gays and Lesbians as equals and do not address then with any sexist remarks or sexual connotations that will disrespect them as individuals. Consequently, I do not appreciate Gay men who disrespect me as a heterosexual man and want me to conform to their natured ways.
Destructive characters succumb to verbal, emotional and physical abuse to annihilate ‘Self- Conscious’ personalities that refrain from perpetuating similar abusive tendencies in any environment. ‘Self-Conscious’ individuals are those that aim to speak and not shout, to love and not hate, to mend and not break, to build and preserve. ‘Self-Conscious’ individuals aim at seeking development solutions for others through cultural, economical, social liberties that enhances individual growth. ‘Self-Conscious’ individuals are pacifist at heart and are against abuse of any kind. ‘Self-Conscious’ individuals are nonentities, who are belittled and who learn to rise above verbal, emotional, and physical abusers and become leaders in their own right.
The duality of characters in any environment needs to be acknowledged as masculine and feminine characteristics cannot and will not coexist, if there is no ‘harmony of characters’ within a family, communal or societal milieu. It all starts with us as individual to restrain ourselves to perpetuating abusive tendencies towards others. Abusive tendencies such as sexual abuse, alcoholic abuse, drug abuse, and physical abuse can be expunged through self-respect, which will filter through to communal and societal structures. Men and women need to respect each other, and acknowledge that they are not similar in character and physic, therefore teach our future generations to respect individual characters, and ‘self-cognitive development’ of any individuals.
WORD TO A NEW SELF-AWARENESS REVOLUTION
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
Monday, December 14, 2009
PUPPET SYSTEM
In the world of puppetry, indistinguishable strings are attached to little docile dolls of different colors, sizes and shapes. They are then given voices and maneuvering techniques by their puppetry masters, who control their body, legs and arms to their suitable tunes, giving them a mind – each master standing above the head of their little docile doll. The master bequeath total control over this lifeless docile little doll, entertaining onlookers - some of whom are themselves puppets of the world, if not being indoctrinated to be puppets of the future.
My late grandfather, spoke leisurely about such puppets, in his narrated repetitive enlightening history lessons about South Africa – puppets of the system. A system that interlays within microcosms of systems that form a humongous single manipulative system, controlled by capitalists, communists, war-mangers, dictators, undefeatable pillagers of greater systems from Europe, Asia and America.
According to my late grandfather; a puppet system seeks to pin-down and impose total control on its citizenry. A puppet system creates men and women who cannot think for themselves – men and women who are taught and told by their government, dictators and learning institutions on how to think and treat others. Puppets emulate their masters in their prejudice ways and ways of thinking.
Racists are born and bred by the puppet system which pumps fuel of hatred into the hearts and minds of its nation. The Nats and AWB turned white people into puppets; they were puppets and are still puppets of a greater system of hatred, still operating in places such as Pretoria and Bloemfontein in South Africa.
White people, who are still full of hatred for Black people for no particular reasons, were indoctrinated into hating by their great puppet master called Apartheid. This hatred towards people of color emanated from a doctrine of servitude and docile passivity that white people still believe is the nature and character of a Black persona. The mentality of a Black person was reduced to a docile doll state, to a place where they should serve the ‘white-master’ and think of themselves last, even if it meant they should turn a blind-eye towards indiscretions done to other people of color. My grandfather warned me about native Bantu who were initiated into a hatred system by hateful whites, thus became puppets of their system.
A puppet is not human; it is maneuvered by strings and given a voice by its master, therefore exists in the surreal world of its master, which can be changed by the master at any given time. A puppet, just as a man or woman that walks around with hatred in their hearts and mind cannot control their environment. The environment is all set unconditionally and unconstitutionally by its master - restraining the development of individuals, tribes, nations or even the world into the hands of racist, capitalist and communist puppeteers.
The world is being trained to be an economic puppet of richer nations through monetary policy systems that aim at manacling underdeveloped regions of the world into their own puppet systems, by means of aiding or lending policies that stripe other nations of their economic and social freedom, rather than improving their living standards.
In this economic puppet system, the rich utilize their capital power to impose their extremist political, religious and social status upon simpletons of this world. Tricking them into believing that they are helping, when in actual fact, they are doing more damage to their way of thinking and survival thus making the rich, richer.
A puppet system knows no Human Rights nor the constitution of any country and does not abide by the United Nations’ ideal of universal harmony; it uses good hearted people with morals to create disorder in the world, thus turn them into immoral barbarians - barbaric people who belittle other ethnic groups and impoverished people into doing their evil deeds in the world.
When you teach a man how to fish, you do not tell the man not to feed the fish to his family and community, because the whole aim of teaching him how to fish is for him to learn how to feed his family and community. A man who learns how to read and write in any education system cannot be told what to write and how to think. The whole aim of an education in a puppet system is to liberate the mind and body from all strings of a puppeteer that pull and push – reducing him into a docile little doll. A puppet system does the opposite; it tells the man to sell the fish to his family and community, not share it thus transforms him into a greedy and power hungry individual. It instructs the educated mind to write what people want to hear, not what they should hear, therefore turns him into a manipulative intellectual ignoramus.
My grandfather warned me about this puppet system years after the father of Black Consciousness, writing under the name Frank Talk, uttered these words: “It becomes more necessary to see the truth as it is if you realise that the only vehicle for change are these peo¬ple who have lost their personality. The first step therefore is to make the black man [or any man] come to himself; to pump back life into his empty shell; to infuse him with pride and dignity, to remind him of his complicity in the crime of allowing himself to be misused and therefore letting evil reign supreme in the country of his birth.” (Steve Biko, I Write What I Like: 31)
A puppet mentality robs humankind of its dignity and pride, changing individuals into zombies, integrating them in a puppet system, to supply its cruel intention - hence taking away the ability for one to think about the welfare of other human beings. One of the greatest leaders of our time once said: “Do not surround yourself with ‘yes man’, surround yourself with people and individuals that oppose your opinions and challenge your mentality – People that will feed your mind, making you a great listener and a great leader.”
Human beings are not docile little dolls that are commanded with indistinguishable strings to act and feel as any government or conglomerate see fit or want them to act at any given time. Human beings have their own voice and opinion that elects leaders to pedestals of debate, who in turn become representatives of the people, and serve those people.
Individuals should unequivocally state that, they are not prejudice, racists, sexists and homophobes. Individuals should state unequivocally that they stand for equality to all and not for suppression of any race or ethnic group. Individuals should not be ‘yes man’ to a voice of a government that is a dictator to its masses – silenced by a salary at the end of the month. Individuals should not be fools that are reduced into puppets of any system, playing a role to the tune of a puppeteer. It should be noted that in a mass revolution puppets became extremist militants - in turn, government institutions should not be factories that aim at creating people that are puppets in their system, but aim to create free thinkers that build a particular nation.
WORD TO A NEW FREE THINKING REVOLUTION
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
My late grandfather, spoke leisurely about such puppets, in his narrated repetitive enlightening history lessons about South Africa – puppets of the system. A system that interlays within microcosms of systems that form a humongous single manipulative system, controlled by capitalists, communists, war-mangers, dictators, undefeatable pillagers of greater systems from Europe, Asia and America.
According to my late grandfather; a puppet system seeks to pin-down and impose total control on its citizenry. A puppet system creates men and women who cannot think for themselves – men and women who are taught and told by their government, dictators and learning institutions on how to think and treat others. Puppets emulate their masters in their prejudice ways and ways of thinking.
Racists are born and bred by the puppet system which pumps fuel of hatred into the hearts and minds of its nation. The Nats and AWB turned white people into puppets; they were puppets and are still puppets of a greater system of hatred, still operating in places such as Pretoria and Bloemfontein in South Africa.
White people, who are still full of hatred for Black people for no particular reasons, were indoctrinated into hating by their great puppet master called Apartheid. This hatred towards people of color emanated from a doctrine of servitude and docile passivity that white people still believe is the nature and character of a Black persona. The mentality of a Black person was reduced to a docile doll state, to a place where they should serve the ‘white-master’ and think of themselves last, even if it meant they should turn a blind-eye towards indiscretions done to other people of color. My grandfather warned me about native Bantu who were initiated into a hatred system by hateful whites, thus became puppets of their system.
A puppet is not human; it is maneuvered by strings and given a voice by its master, therefore exists in the surreal world of its master, which can be changed by the master at any given time. A puppet, just as a man or woman that walks around with hatred in their hearts and mind cannot control their environment. The environment is all set unconditionally and unconstitutionally by its master - restraining the development of individuals, tribes, nations or even the world into the hands of racist, capitalist and communist puppeteers.
The world is being trained to be an economic puppet of richer nations through monetary policy systems that aim at manacling underdeveloped regions of the world into their own puppet systems, by means of aiding or lending policies that stripe other nations of their economic and social freedom, rather than improving their living standards.
In this economic puppet system, the rich utilize their capital power to impose their extremist political, religious and social status upon simpletons of this world. Tricking them into believing that they are helping, when in actual fact, they are doing more damage to their way of thinking and survival thus making the rich, richer.
A puppet system knows no Human Rights nor the constitution of any country and does not abide by the United Nations’ ideal of universal harmony; it uses good hearted people with morals to create disorder in the world, thus turn them into immoral barbarians - barbaric people who belittle other ethnic groups and impoverished people into doing their evil deeds in the world.
When you teach a man how to fish, you do not tell the man not to feed the fish to his family and community, because the whole aim of teaching him how to fish is for him to learn how to feed his family and community. A man who learns how to read and write in any education system cannot be told what to write and how to think. The whole aim of an education in a puppet system is to liberate the mind and body from all strings of a puppeteer that pull and push – reducing him into a docile little doll. A puppet system does the opposite; it tells the man to sell the fish to his family and community, not share it thus transforms him into a greedy and power hungry individual. It instructs the educated mind to write what people want to hear, not what they should hear, therefore turns him into a manipulative intellectual ignoramus.
My grandfather warned me about this puppet system years after the father of Black Consciousness, writing under the name Frank Talk, uttered these words: “It becomes more necessary to see the truth as it is if you realise that the only vehicle for change are these peo¬ple who have lost their personality. The first step therefore is to make the black man [or any man] come to himself; to pump back life into his empty shell; to infuse him with pride and dignity, to remind him of his complicity in the crime of allowing himself to be misused and therefore letting evil reign supreme in the country of his birth.” (Steve Biko, I Write What I Like: 31)
A puppet mentality robs humankind of its dignity and pride, changing individuals into zombies, integrating them in a puppet system, to supply its cruel intention - hence taking away the ability for one to think about the welfare of other human beings. One of the greatest leaders of our time once said: “Do not surround yourself with ‘yes man’, surround yourself with people and individuals that oppose your opinions and challenge your mentality – People that will feed your mind, making you a great listener and a great leader.”
Human beings are not docile little dolls that are commanded with indistinguishable strings to act and feel as any government or conglomerate see fit or want them to act at any given time. Human beings have their own voice and opinion that elects leaders to pedestals of debate, who in turn become representatives of the people, and serve those people.
Individuals should unequivocally state that, they are not prejudice, racists, sexists and homophobes. Individuals should state unequivocally that they stand for equality to all and not for suppression of any race or ethnic group. Individuals should not be ‘yes man’ to a voice of a government that is a dictator to its masses – silenced by a salary at the end of the month. Individuals should not be fools that are reduced into puppets of any system, playing a role to the tune of a puppeteer. It should be noted that in a mass revolution puppets became extremist militants - in turn, government institutions should not be factories that aim at creating people that are puppets in their system, but aim to create free thinkers that build a particular nation.
WORD TO A NEW FREE THINKING REVOLUTION
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
“YOU STRIKE A ROCK!”
A wise woman once uttered enlightening words that reverberated in the spiritual essence of our psychologically battered, male dominated society. This woman was none other than, apartheid activist, Allen Khuzwayo, who in our passive resistance lamented these words: "You strike a woman, you strike a rock!" There are women who are women of immaculate finesse, which in all quintessence, bare the strength of a rock - subsequent to the failure of their marriages or relationships to obsessive controlling, abusive man.
I have witnessed the scourge of abuse at an early age in my life. Today I realize that abusive men are a product of our society, although I do not condone violence in any form, whether verbal, physical or emotional – violent men are forged by our society and this is a matter that needs to be addressed in full effect. We as society play a trumpeting role in influencing and forging the type of man that society will look up to in the future. We need to find the cause-and-effect of why a particular man turns into an abusive beast.
Young men of today will perpetuate the same abusive ‘cavemen’ tendencies of older generations that have marked women with an unworthy stain for the past millennium. We have to probe the type of milieu that a man who perpetuates violence in any form, is raised in. Keeping in mind, the types of attitudes or personas that, people who fabricate such aggressive attitudes propagate. It all starts with us as women and men - on how we treat each other as individuals.
Perpetrators of women to children violence, are cowards who themselves were treated with disrespect and humiliation by similar cowards – therefore see it fit to repeat the circle of abuse because, at the time of their darkest days of abusive. Their family members; aunts, uncle, mothers, fathers and siblings in their lives, chose not to ‘hear, see nor speak evil’ – thus turning a blind eye to the abusive evil that was done to them at that time. Speaking out was a taboo thing, for the victim of abuse deserved to be raped, punched and pillaged of the little dignity they have. By men who were perpetrators of abuse, men that were feared and praised by irresponsible men.
“You strike a woman, you strike a rock!" Women and children are not objects of ridicule – they are rocks that should be nurtured in rough and tough times, comforted and loved in breezy easy days - rocks that are polished to women of the future.
As much as we need responsible men to craft such rocks – Men who are: “Responsible men [that] don’t look away; they have the courage to act! Take a stand. Stop violence against women and children….” And do not encourage abuse. We as society also need responsible women that do not perpetuate abuse or harbor abusers in their closed doors. Take a stand! Say no to women and children abuse.
WORD TO A NEW REVOLUTION!
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
I have witnessed the scourge of abuse at an early age in my life. Today I realize that abusive men are a product of our society, although I do not condone violence in any form, whether verbal, physical or emotional – violent men are forged by our society and this is a matter that needs to be addressed in full effect. We as society play a trumpeting role in influencing and forging the type of man that society will look up to in the future. We need to find the cause-and-effect of why a particular man turns into an abusive beast.
Young men of today will perpetuate the same abusive ‘cavemen’ tendencies of older generations that have marked women with an unworthy stain for the past millennium. We have to probe the type of milieu that a man who perpetuates violence in any form, is raised in. Keeping in mind, the types of attitudes or personas that, people who fabricate such aggressive attitudes propagate. It all starts with us as women and men - on how we treat each other as individuals.
Perpetrators of women to children violence, are cowards who themselves were treated with disrespect and humiliation by similar cowards – therefore see it fit to repeat the circle of abuse because, at the time of their darkest days of abusive. Their family members; aunts, uncle, mothers, fathers and siblings in their lives, chose not to ‘hear, see nor speak evil’ – thus turning a blind eye to the abusive evil that was done to them at that time. Speaking out was a taboo thing, for the victim of abuse deserved to be raped, punched and pillaged of the little dignity they have. By men who were perpetrators of abuse, men that were feared and praised by irresponsible men.
“You strike a woman, you strike a rock!" Women and children are not objects of ridicule – they are rocks that should be nurtured in rough and tough times, comforted and loved in breezy easy days - rocks that are polished to women of the future.
As much as we need responsible men to craft such rocks – Men who are: “Responsible men [that] don’t look away; they have the courage to act! Take a stand. Stop violence against women and children….” And do not encourage abuse. We as society also need responsible women that do not perpetuate abuse or harbor abusers in their closed doors. Take a stand! Say no to women and children abuse.
WORD TO A NEW REVOLUTION!
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
MEDIA
Media is like a pebble that is thrown into a dam – creating ripples that are constant from the point of origin to the peripheries of the dam, thus affecting the whole nature of the dam. In everyday life, Media influences people’s livelihoods by dictating what people hear, read and watch – therefore structure the behavioral social order, trends or the environment that they live in. There are many influences within the media structures that manipulate, inspire and control our societal influence.
Media uses a number of tools that create an impression to the public. These tools are radio, television, cinema, and all the print mediums (Newpapers, Magazines & Books) and the internet. Global information networks depend primarily on various mediums to make the world’s communication process work in accordance to the universal code of coherent comprehension to all different cultures in the world. The ‘ripple effect’ shows that media is no longer a restricted tool but, a proletarian tool around the world that keeps the world on its feet.
People’s lives are affected by the messages that are transmitted through these mediums as they sometimes contain current affairs which are disturbing, offensive and downright cruel to a certain degree. These news come in all forms and from anywhere in the continent, relating from crime, wars, rape, fraud, political elections, racism, natural disasters and diseases that affect the world‘s harmonious social order. The perceptions that people have on other nations - their neighbours in the world. Ultimately creating awareness on solidarity and philanthropic relations between diverse cultures and nations. Leading to a universal call to aid poverty stricken regions of the world - predominantly African regions.
Media influences various people’s lives on a variety of topics that shape and make individuals. As an observer and an introvert, with somewhat, sparks of extrovert tendencies - I document events that later transform into prose and form an opinion that is observed from my point of view all based on media - transient tangible and intangible emotive moments.
Media is a tool of propaganda that helps to transform the world – producing stalwart political leaders, political villains and brings help to beggars, unveiling robbers. Media aids nations to overthrow governments and rebuild broken bridges between countries. Media liberates; as many wars of words were fought through the media and not the battle-fields. Media is like rain with dark clouds, flickering and thundering with roaring sounds, visions and liberating ink, assuring its spectators, a promising bright sunshine, at the end of the storm. Media is FUN!
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
Media uses a number of tools that create an impression to the public. These tools are radio, television, cinema, and all the print mediums (Newpapers, Magazines & Books) and the internet. Global information networks depend primarily on various mediums to make the world’s communication process work in accordance to the universal code of coherent comprehension to all different cultures in the world. The ‘ripple effect’ shows that media is no longer a restricted tool but, a proletarian tool around the world that keeps the world on its feet.
People’s lives are affected by the messages that are transmitted through these mediums as they sometimes contain current affairs which are disturbing, offensive and downright cruel to a certain degree. These news come in all forms and from anywhere in the continent, relating from crime, wars, rape, fraud, political elections, racism, natural disasters and diseases that affect the world‘s harmonious social order. The perceptions that people have on other nations - their neighbours in the world. Ultimately creating awareness on solidarity and philanthropic relations between diverse cultures and nations. Leading to a universal call to aid poverty stricken regions of the world - predominantly African regions.
Media influences various people’s lives on a variety of topics that shape and make individuals. As an observer and an introvert, with somewhat, sparks of extrovert tendencies - I document events that later transform into prose and form an opinion that is observed from my point of view all based on media - transient tangible and intangible emotive moments.
Media is a tool of propaganda that helps to transform the world – producing stalwart political leaders, political villains and brings help to beggars, unveiling robbers. Media aids nations to overthrow governments and rebuild broken bridges between countries. Media liberates; as many wars of words were fought through the media and not the battle-fields. Media is like rain with dark clouds, flickering and thundering with roaring sounds, visions and liberating ink, assuring its spectators, a promising bright sunshine, at the end of the storm. Media is FUN!
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
Tuesday, November 10, 2009
HOME: What a blessing.
Everyone knows the saying: “home is where the heart is”, that has personified the thoughts of self-belonging in a cozy, loving space - a shelter that welcomes you with warmth, every night and rainy, cold winter –summer days. The importance of going to a place where all troubles and problems of the world are shutout – a place; to unwind, meditate, recap and gather all the strength to face the unkind streets of this world - a blessing for those who have it.
I often wondered about the people that roam these unkind streets every night and day - seeking shelter, under bridges and verandas of governed, some ungoverned debilitated buildings; on silent cold winter-summer days. Some of these people were chased out of their homes mainly because they are destitute and can’t afford to pay rent or own their own homes. Some were chased away, because their parents were abusive and had no one to turn to. Some were driven away by family greed and nasty power battles between siblings, in some cases or extended family members in others - roaming the twilight streets of this unkind world not by choice, but by emotional, physical or psychological force.
Living in a shack is not a pleasant experience. I remember growing up in Katlehong, Skosana section, during the early eighties. In our yard we had a makeshift kitchen-shack that was built by my late grandfather, Ngako Jiyane; for lack of space in our two roomed main house. And at times we would sleep in that shack when other family members came to visit from afar. The shack was so cold during wintertime and so hot during summertime that one could testify that those rusty sheets of metal had a life of their own, breathing and blowing at indecisive moments. My grandfather would insulate the inner parts of the shack with feeble sheets of cardboard – however on subzero temperature nights, made little difference; expect to ward off against hush piecing winter winds.
Now, imagine yourself living in a shack - a shack that numerous impoverished people call home. A home that they go to, not by choice and definitely not as sweet as a home should be. Shacks ruffled by winds, drenched by rains, and at times engulfed by fire, which has happened many times over in South Africa. Especially in places like Alexandra township, which has been a ‘pimple’ in the face of Sandton for years and government doing a little to uplift that community.
The issue of housing has long since been government’s hunch-back for years now. A hunch-back that is now worsened with the world’s global melt-down (Recession), and the price of houses rocketing beyond the reach of ordinary workers. Some are losing their houses to banks due to the unsteady Repo Rate and increasing expenses around the world - with expenditure out-weighting capital in reserves. People living from hand-to-mouth, house bonds left unpaid. Debt collectors descending like a pack of wolves upon its prey.
Concerning the issue of property taxes – I think that it is a good and viable thing that home owners or property owners should pay property tax, however property taxes are not needed when home owners as expected to pay for rates and services which are also taxable by law. Property taxes is our dynamic society can be viewed as pay rent on rent; meaning that home owners that are paying their bonds every month and are also paying property taxes, are in actual fact renting their own home from their municipalities. In a long term analysis, property owners will be evicted from their own homes that they’ve worked hard for and legal own when their home bonds are paid off. Property means your children do not own your home when you die, they are renting it. There are no property owners, expect government. The government must reconsider this stance on property tax.
To own your own home is truly a privilege in this time and age. In South Africa we live in degrading times of RDP housing and little bond houses that are too expensive for their size. In some of these bond houses you can’t even own a double-bed, because it eats all the space for one to maneuver around in. In some cases you have seven to ten members residing in a two room house. As oppose to bygone days of ‘four-room’ houses when families of about seven to ten members were cramped in – and this was in the past. Conditions are not better now, they are worse.
The government is at times not to blame for the problems that occur in distributing RDP houses as there are some unscrupulous RDP agents that dupe home seekers every day. However, the government needs to acknowledge that the type of housing and yard space that RDP houses are built in cannot sustain and shelter larger families. In most cases the same houses start disintegrating, two years after their built, due to poor and greedy contractors and want to profit from housing contracts, thus build to save money, not to deliver quality to the people.
With the recent spat of violence towards service delivery, and the more people moving away from rural South Africa, seeking housing in urban areas. Not to mention this great Diaspora of our African brothers and sisters moving south, hunting for a better future. The debacle towards housing is becoming a problematic mountainous matter for our government.
Who doesn’t want to own their own home? I sometimes askance an ornament that has hung on my mother’s wall, since eighty-six, as a house-warming gift from my late grandmother. Titled, ‘Home Blessings’ and reads thus; “The Crown of the home is Godliness; The Blessing of the home is Order; The Glory of the home is Hospitality; The Blessing of the home is Contentment.” And wonder, at this rate that South Africa’s housing mess is moving. How many future generations will have such an ornament hanging in their own homes, on their own walls?
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
WORD TO A NEW HOUSING REVOLUTION!
I often wondered about the people that roam these unkind streets every night and day - seeking shelter, under bridges and verandas of governed, some ungoverned debilitated buildings; on silent cold winter-summer days. Some of these people were chased out of their homes mainly because they are destitute and can’t afford to pay rent or own their own homes. Some were chased away, because their parents were abusive and had no one to turn to. Some were driven away by family greed and nasty power battles between siblings, in some cases or extended family members in others - roaming the twilight streets of this unkind world not by choice, but by emotional, physical or psychological force.
Living in a shack is not a pleasant experience. I remember growing up in Katlehong, Skosana section, during the early eighties. In our yard we had a makeshift kitchen-shack that was built by my late grandfather, Ngako Jiyane; for lack of space in our two roomed main house. And at times we would sleep in that shack when other family members came to visit from afar. The shack was so cold during wintertime and so hot during summertime that one could testify that those rusty sheets of metal had a life of their own, breathing and blowing at indecisive moments. My grandfather would insulate the inner parts of the shack with feeble sheets of cardboard – however on subzero temperature nights, made little difference; expect to ward off against hush piecing winter winds.
Now, imagine yourself living in a shack - a shack that numerous impoverished people call home. A home that they go to, not by choice and definitely not as sweet as a home should be. Shacks ruffled by winds, drenched by rains, and at times engulfed by fire, which has happened many times over in South Africa. Especially in places like Alexandra township, which has been a ‘pimple’ in the face of Sandton for years and government doing a little to uplift that community.
The issue of housing has long since been government’s hunch-back for years now. A hunch-back that is now worsened with the world’s global melt-down (Recession), and the price of houses rocketing beyond the reach of ordinary workers. Some are losing their houses to banks due to the unsteady Repo Rate and increasing expenses around the world - with expenditure out-weighting capital in reserves. People living from hand-to-mouth, house bonds left unpaid. Debt collectors descending like a pack of wolves upon its prey.
Concerning the issue of property taxes – I think that it is a good and viable thing that home owners or property owners should pay property tax, however property taxes are not needed when home owners as expected to pay for rates and services which are also taxable by law. Property taxes is our dynamic society can be viewed as pay rent on rent; meaning that home owners that are paying their bonds every month and are also paying property taxes, are in actual fact renting their own home from their municipalities. In a long term analysis, property owners will be evicted from their own homes that they’ve worked hard for and legal own when their home bonds are paid off. Property means your children do not own your home when you die, they are renting it. There are no property owners, expect government. The government must reconsider this stance on property tax.
To own your own home is truly a privilege in this time and age. In South Africa we live in degrading times of RDP housing and little bond houses that are too expensive for their size. In some of these bond houses you can’t even own a double-bed, because it eats all the space for one to maneuver around in. In some cases you have seven to ten members residing in a two room house. As oppose to bygone days of ‘four-room’ houses when families of about seven to ten members were cramped in – and this was in the past. Conditions are not better now, they are worse.
The government is at times not to blame for the problems that occur in distributing RDP houses as there are some unscrupulous RDP agents that dupe home seekers every day. However, the government needs to acknowledge that the type of housing and yard space that RDP houses are built in cannot sustain and shelter larger families. In most cases the same houses start disintegrating, two years after their built, due to poor and greedy contractors and want to profit from housing contracts, thus build to save money, not to deliver quality to the people.
With the recent spat of violence towards service delivery, and the more people moving away from rural South Africa, seeking housing in urban areas. Not to mention this great Diaspora of our African brothers and sisters moving south, hunting for a better future. The debacle towards housing is becoming a problematic mountainous matter for our government.
Who doesn’t want to own their own home? I sometimes askance an ornament that has hung on my mother’s wall, since eighty-six, as a house-warming gift from my late grandmother. Titled, ‘Home Blessings’ and reads thus; “The Crown of the home is Godliness; The Blessing of the home is Order; The Glory of the home is Hospitality; The Blessing of the home is Contentment.” And wonder, at this rate that South Africa’s housing mess is moving. How many future generations will have such an ornament hanging in their own homes, on their own walls?
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
WORD TO A NEW HOUSING REVOLUTION!
Sunday, November 8, 2009
RADIO
INTRODUCTION
The most powerful medium in the history of broadcasting, that has captured the essence of entertainment, education, and information in our global community from the day of its inception over a century ago to the present digital age, has been by all counts, the medium of Radio. Radio has an emotive value that moves the spirits of people and influences their livelihood in every way imaginable. It is a medium that brings ethnicity of urban and rural areas together in its quality of being intrinsic - and the ability to cover all areas of its target listeners. In its evolution, the element of Radio, which is communication, has been effective in manipulating the political agendas in the whole world by so doing charging the out view of governmental policies in different countries. From the days of the First World War to the Palestine-Lebanon war against Israel, in this present day. Radio is at the forefront of technological advancement globally and has helped in the inventions of other broadcast Mediums (i.e. Television, internet and Cinema).
The discovery of Radio catapulted humankind to another domain of intelligentsia, erasing the world of telegraphy, because of its unreliability and ineffectiveness in hash conditions. Without radio, communication was impossible between marines at seas and its command base on the land. News took time to travel to different racial populations and areas, because of the vastness of our geographical separation and the undiscovered terrain at the time, which hindered and delayed the development of humankind for over centuries. The nature of history around the world was charged, because of this new tool of communication. The power that was held solely by the leaders of the day through propaganda was transferred to the common people and created transparency in the hierarchies of society. The fundamental position of radio was and still is to educate people about the nature of their environment.
The forefathers of radio technology had no idea of what their invention would do to the world, as Joseph Conrad articulates, “We live in the flicker may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling! But darkness was here yesterday.” (Heart of Darkness:14, 1999) So is the nature of Radio broadcast, for it has to move with the times and trends of that particular era. Radio is unpredictable, it is said to be, “The Theatre of the mind.” For it creates pictures in the mind through the element of sound and fulfils people’s needs of entertainment, education and information. To understand the centre of Radio history in our world, let us take a look at, ‘The Beginning of Radio’.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves by a German physicist, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz led to the development of radio and television, not excluding radar technology. Hertz’s research was base on the work of James Clerk Maxwell’s mathematical equations, who was a British scientist and a Professor at Cambridge University. Maxwell was interested in the fundamentals of electromagnetic waves in 1873, from the journals of Michael Faraday who first found the existence of electrical and magnetic fields. Maxwell then predicted the existence of these waves which were recorded in his journals. It was only a decade and a half later in 1887, that Hertz began testing Maxwell’s theories regarding electromagnetic radiation in his laboratory, using an apparatus called, an ‘Oscillator’ in his laboratory. Hertz’s apparatus was connected between two copper knobs that created electronically charged sparks that could pass through water and reach each other when placed at a distance from one another. The speed of the waves could travel at the speed of light at long periods of time and space, ultimately creating a connection of invisible air wires. These waves Hertz called, Hertzian waves, which were recognized as radio waves. (The Investions-: 1982; 226-229)
The whole theory of radio is base on the Hertzian waves that enabled the creation or invention of radio. This discovery sent the world to its feet and inspired a lot of scientists to try and outwit Hertz and improve on his detection of radio waves, from Lord Kelvin and Sir Oliver Lodge of British origin to Professor E. Branly of France. Professor E. Branly improve the detection in radio waves by inventing a device called the ‘Coherer’. The Coherer was to prove to be effective. It was a little tubular container of iron filings that where made by the Hertzian waves to combine and created a frugal electrical conductor. Sir Oliver Lodge used the dot and dashers of the Morse code, to create a first radio transition, therefore became the first person in history to receive a radio message, in the year, 1894, thus creating the earliest radio called ‘Wireless Telegraphy’. (Wymer: 1981; 43-46)
The tubular conductor was not that reliable, because of the inefficiency it showed in transferring signals. It was discovered that the filings became locked in their low resistance and prevented the waves from reaching its target. Professor Alexandra Popov‘s invention, of Russian descent pave the way to the improvements of the Coherer. Popov created the electrical bell that was used to shake the filings apart and, therefore it was instrumental in achieving its goal. Popov then attached a wire to the coherer and improved the reception quite extensively and that wire was the first receiving aerial. He recorded lighting using the coherer and aerial in the year, 1895, and his ideas where learnt by an Italian electrician, on how to send and receive electromagnetic signals. (De Bono: 1976; 57-58)
The development of radio was on its way in improving the lives of millions of people around the globe and making a scientific break-through in communication science and technological advancement. A young man who was interested in the experiments of science from an early age was to be the leader of radio discovery and enlighten the scientific fraternity of his discovery. (His age of discovery disputed in various books)
THE FATHER OF RADIO
A man who was to become a leader in wireless telegraphy was, Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi was half British and half Italian, son of Annie Jameson, who was encouraged by his mother to delve into the world of scientific research. Marconi spent most his life in Bologna, Italy where, he was born in the year, 1874. His discovery came after the death of, Heinrich Hertz, when Marconi was inspired to advance on the work of the late scientist. The discovery of radio came after several failed experimental trials, when Marconi, assisted by his sibling made a connection between two receivers with a hill separating the receivers and the year was, 1895. He then tried to persuade the Italian government to fund his discovery but, the government refused to help him develop his invention. (The Inventive Genius-: 1966; 46-49)
In the year, 1897, Marconi and his British relatives developed a ‘Wireless Telegraph and Signals Co.’; three years after the French government refuse to fund his initiative. The company he started was to be later called, ‘Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co.’ The Company concentrated in helping communications in civilian vessels by installing radio technology. On the 12th, December, 1901 three dots of the letter S were received by Marconi from a civilian vessel carrying about, 1,650 passengers, proving Marconi deductions about radio gliding wave theory. This ‘transatlantic radio short wave’ (HF), occurred at the bay of Newfoundland from Poldhu, Cornwall England were he deduced: “waves do not propagate in the same manner as free radiation from a classical Hertzian oscillator, but glide along the surface of the Earth.” (www.wikipedia.com). In the course of that year Marconi wrote a publication about, the “Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy”, giving his views about the topic of radio and communication. In the year, 1902, Marconi explored the possibility of commercial radio when all of his rivals were still behind in scientific discoveries. Marconi became a Noble Prize Laureate sharing the prize with Karl Ferdinand Braun. One of Marconi’s rivals Nikola Tesla was the first to predict the four tuned system that was developed by Marconi. Marconi’s work was derived from a lot of models done by different scientists. (Cavedish: 1974; 118-121)
Tesla was said to have held a number of patents in the development of radio and Marconi’s claims of having patent rights of certain designs that were similar to Tesla’s. Marconi’s reputation was dented when some of his colleges questioned the nature of his experiments and going so far as to claiming that some of his work was based under fails pretenses. Tesla took Marconi to task by conducting a lawsuit against him regarding the rights of radio discovery. Marconi was very much loved by his supporters who defended him against the onslaught of Tesla and his claims. At the turn of the century the US Patent Office made its decision and gave the patent of radio to Marconi and the other rights were solved by the U.S. Supreme Court. In the year, 1943 after the United States Army was involved in a lawsuit against Marconi’s company involving radio. The lawsuit was finally awarded to Marconi therefore, cementing his throne as the ‘Father of Radio’. (De Bono: 1976; 57-58)
THE PRETENDERS AT THE THRONE
Nikola Tesla was an inventor and an electrical engineer. He was born in the year, 1856, July 9th, in Croatia. In 1880, Tesla graduated from the University of Prague, and then moved to Budapest, Hungary to work as a Telephone engineer, because of his new AC power system that was to replace the old direct-current or DC system. Later in 1884, Tesla migrated to the United States were he met Thomas Edison and become his assistant. In 1886, Tesla lost his job due to a friction that developed between the two men. He finally was recognized as a U.S. citizen in 1889. (Compton’s, 1995, :230)
After building his own laboratory in 1893, Nikola Tesla designed a number of electrical tools and presented his designs to the Franklin Institute and the National Electrical Light Association, in Philadelphia. This was before the discovery of the vacuum tube and Tesla’s findings were later included into radio systems. An enigmatic man Nikola Tesla was, for he explored all the possibilities that were presented before him and came up with new solutions. His field of pioneering went towards magnetic receivers, choosing to not follow the functions of the coherer, ultimately making a break-through for being the first to have used the mechanism of electrical conduction.
In 1896 Marconi was certified a patent for, ‘IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING ELETCRICAL IMPULSES AND SIGNALS AND IN APPARATUS THERE-FOR” (British patent 12039: marconi.com), in the field of radio. Marconi went on to open the first radio station in the history of the world. Tesla realised that he was treading behind in the field of discovery of radio, and then in 1900, Tesla emulated Marconi’s advancement by opening his first radio tower called the Wardnclyffe Tower that utilized to advertise services in his community. Tesla was quoted making claims that his radio tower was superior, because of its ability to: “secure multichannel transceiving of information, universal navigation, time synchronization, and a global location system.” (Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia-website)
Nikola Tesla’s inventions helped develop an alternative to Marconi’s way of doing things and formed a competitive and embarrassing theatre of discovery that was to prove to be fruitful for the development of radio for many centuries to come. Marconi’s pretenders all missed the vital parts in the development of radio, even Tesla after the lawsuit was left bankrupt and unable to carry his later inventions to life. However, Nikola Tesla achievements in the field of science are not overlooked for he was a man of many talents.(De Bono, 1976, p 56-58). Hertz initiated the spheres of radio wave that enabled the world to find a substitute to Telegraphy. Marconi advance on that discovery, so did Tesla. What was to follow in the game of radio advancement was beyond the dreams of Marconi, thanks to his foundation work in the history of radio. (Wymer: 1981; 43-46)
OTHER PLAYERS IN THE FIELD OF RADIO
After Nikola Tesla’s demonstrations of “Alternatives in Currents of High Potential and High Frequency” in 1892 of a remote controlled boat (U.S. patent 613809). It was certain that radio could be taken to another level as Tesla himself maintained that his ‘transverse electromagnetic waves’ was better than Marconi’s system of radio. Other inventors that were instrumental in the development of radio were; Georg von Arco a European pioneer, Edouard Branly with the invention of the Branly coherer in 1890, Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti who designed a tuning tube, Amos Dolbear with his earth transmission (U.S. Patent 350299), Thomas Alva Edison on “Etheric Force” in 1875 (U.S. Patent 465971, 1891), Michael Faraday, Reginald Fessenden with is “continuous” wave transmission (wikipedia.com, 2006). In the year 1840, Hans Christian Orsted found a magnetic field that was surrounded by a wire carrying current, Joseph Henry who transmitted radiant energy from a capacitor through a coil from a distance of about a hundred feet, in December 1840. Charles Herrold who advance the broadcast of radio, David E. Hughes for the experiments he conducted in transmission and reception, Jozef Murgas (1890), William Henry Preece, Augusto Righi, Harry Shoemaker(1901-1905), Adolphus Slaby a European pioneer, John Stone Stone (1901-1904) and Nathan Stubblefield with wireless telegraphy (1902). (The Inventions-: 1982; 226-229)
Jagdish Chandra Bose discovered the ‘UHF’ phenomenon in 1894; this proved that communication can be sent to anyone without the use of wires. The Daily Chronicle report on his discovery quite extensively of him, using gun powder in his experiment, beating Marconi by three years in his discovery; however Bose was not a business minded person and did not claim patents for his developments. In the year 1895, Bose went to Calcutta, India to showcase some of his experiments; however Tesla’s work was predated only by half a decade. The only work that Bose got credited for was his progress on the “iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector” which presented at the Royal Society in London, 1899 (U.S. Patent755840) and the “Detector for electrical disturbance” in 1904. Bose was an invisible man in the world of science; however his work did help in the contribution and the technological advancement of radio.
The men who transmitted his radio signal a year before Marconi was, Oliver Lodge. At the Association for the Advancement of Science at Oxford University, in 1894, Lodge made improvements on Edouard Branly’s coherer by adding a device called the ‘trembler’. He was awarded a patent for the work on “Electric Telegraphy” that was able to make wireless communication signals using other inventor’s coils. Lodge sold his patent to Marconi in 1912. (De Bono: 1976; 57-58)
The invention of radio had many people who claimed to have been the first to discover radio signals. A man called Mahlon Loomis of West Virginia, in the United States was such a man, with the oldest patent dating from 1872, predating all the other discoveries. His design used for atmospheric electricity, which was similar to works of other inventors. Ernest Rutherford improved the development of radio by scientific research in 1895, with a Research Scholarship to Cambridge by detecting electromagnetic waves, thus contributing to the world of radio history. (The Inventive Genius-: 1966; 46-50)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO NETWORKS
The development of radio networks brought about technological advancement in the field of Warfare and improved communication networks amongst the Allied forces. Radio networks were developed after Marconi founded or produced a radio beam in 1922. The national networks controlled all the radio industry, during 1900 and 1920, however in 1926; the ‘National Broadcasting Company’ was founded. The company had two distinct ways of broadcasting communication; it had the Blue Network and the Red Network thus, enabling the network companies to produce much needed business through advertising. Other developers like, Ronald M. Foster and George C. Southworth, improved on the methods of developing field patterns. (Cavedish: 1975; 118-121)
In the year 1926, the new powering system for radio was discovered and it was called the ‘All-electric’ which changed or altered the alternating current into direct current that was useful for radio and erased the need for batteries. This development led to the formation of the United Independent Broadcasters, Inc., in 1927 and later developing the Colombian Broadcasting System. The Mutual Broadcasting Company came into existence in 1934, however in 1942, the original network companies were disbanded at the orders of the Federal Communications Commission, and the Blue Network Company became independent which, in later years changed its name to the ‘American Broadcasting Company’. (Compton’s: 1995; Volume20; 60)
In the First World War radio played a significant part during the battle of Jutland when naval ships fought against the enemy and were commanded through a radio communication system, in 1916. But earlier radio had played a major part when the Titanic was sunk in 1912, alerting other ships to be cautious on their route they were travelling in. This prompted the authorities to enforce a twenty-four hour radio watch on every ship because of the amount of people that were lost at seas during the disaster. (www.bbc.com)
In the Cold War radio was used by the Americans and their nemesis, Russia to promote propaganda in the interest of their countries respectively. This was to manipulate public opinion by ‘Radio Moscow’ and ‘The Voice of America’ in order to push their mandate and justify their actions to their nations and this was due to the amount of time spent developing radio networks. Countries were beginning to see the advantage of radio to their political aspirations by using radio for deception and distortion of the truth. This led to the laws of censorship and place boundaries in the amount of speech allowed on radio. (The World Book, 2000, Volume 15)
During the war in Europe a man called Edwin Armstrong, an engineer, advanced the functionalities of radio by creating the FM band although, it was not welcomed by network companies because of the AM band that was in existence at that time. Soldiers could listen to the developments of war in their compartments and be entertained, that was also available on aircrafts which used radio technology for navigation. (Americana, 1992, p.882)
RADIO IN AFRICA
In Africa the development of radio came about after improvements were made in the way power was distributed. The technological change to a battery powered transistor in the early 1900, gave radio a new footing in the “Dark Continent”. In 1972 the United Nations was involved in the development of radio in the whole of Africa yet, the niche of radio in these countries was very fair from being achieved, with a number of about twenty-seven countries unable to keep up with the communication systems that were in place at that time. Nigeria has a developed system of communication distribution and social listening with an average of six sets out-of a hundred which, provides a broadcast network of about seven regional services in fifteen languages.(Schirmer:1980; 54-55)
In South Africa like many other countries, most Broadcasting networks are controlled by the government of those countries; these countries include Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, and Tanganyika. The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was given life on July 1st, 1924, at the Johannesburg Post Office, corner of Pritchard and Rissik Streets. This birth was not the actual rise of the SABC; however this gave South Africa a network that would later develop the radio industry in this country. Springbok radio became a prominent figure with the South African Broadcasting Corporation, which was a public utility, under the control of a board of nine governors who commercialized the services of the station, together with the national service, regulated by English and Afrikaans languages. Springbok radio generated enough revenues to keep the operation alive and the SABC maintained a wired network service to the then ‘Bantu’ towns, however with limited radio. In South Africa FM stations have been leading the pack with almost 57FM stations, with the network able to carry about 123 stations and more. The SABC broadcast about 23 radio services in 19 languages, which six are nationally beamed via Intelsat satellite. The regional services host stations such as Good Hope Radio, Highveld Stereo, Jacaranda, Radio Algoa and 5FM. Nine services from the SABC broadcast programmes to the black populous, now including the privately owned YFM. The SABC has other external services that it provides from the short-wave network with other languages such as French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili, and Lozi. South Africa radio is a powerful medium with extensive coverage of news from all the national regions and international countries. It has about three-hundred news bulletins a day in a network that consists of about 30 editorials offices, 1300 correspondents, 20 foreign correspondents and 2000 news monitoring studios with representative in Washington, London and Windhoek. The SABC maintains an amount of 12 million listership that starts in South Africa and all of Africa. (Rosenthal: 1976; 1-5/ Schirmer: 1980; 55). Egypt is also a country with a highly developed network system of communication with a state owned UAR Radio that provides seven national programs of services which six are in Arabic languages. The have a niche of about 60% for entertainment, 19% for cultural affairs, 16% for news and information with 5% religion. And in Ghana most of the national networks are wired. (America: 1992; 422)
Ultimately, Africa utilizes its network system to educate, inform and entertain the populous regarding issues that affect the niche in particular areas and countries. Radio has played a vital part in broadening social and political awareness in our continent and this tool will continue to open digital spheres for our world.
RADIO AND AUDIO FORMATS
Radio uses varies ways of getting massages across the globe and that is all derived under audio which, is sound. Sound is transmitted in different modes of bands and these bands are also referred to as frequency. The first band is the AM band that is used to broadcast or send music and voices in the Medium Frequency (MF-0.300 MHz to 3 MHz) radio rays. The AM band uses “amplitude modulation” that increases the sound through the microphone to the transmitter without altering the course of the frequency. The FM band also functions the same way that the AM band does, however the speed is much more advanced and clearer than the AM band. FM (Frequency modulation) bands are louder on the microphone and create a leveled powered mode. FM is at High Frequency (VHF-30 MHz to 300MHz) rays that are meant to cover long distances between fifty and a hundred kilometers with it being the most protected mode or band. Another radio mode is, ‘Aviation Voice Radio’ or VHS AM. This band is used by aircrafts to communicate with other aircrafts and radio-control or towers which can be received hundreds of kilometres away from the airbase or airport. The VHS band uses AM so it can receive multiple channels without blocking other communicators within the stream. (Cavedish: 1975; 118-121)
The military has been using radio ever since it was introduced by Marconi to military fleets as the ‘S’ code in 1926 and during World War One. Civil and Military HF or high frequency voice services use the SW or shortwave to communicate with other military vessels and aircrafts when their out at seas or inland. They use the ‘single sideband voice’ or SSB that is lesser in width than the AM band and is referred to as the ‘Duck Quaking Band’. The Marines use AM in shortwave High Frequency band that utilizes, 3 MHz to 30 MHz in narrow bands which is used by government officials, police, fire, and commercial voice services. Then the TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) that is a digital cell phone system used by the military, police and the ambulances to communicate and receive alerts. Commercial services also use this service in a form of digital Satellite radio.(Wymer:1981;.43-46/ www.bbc.com)
Microwave radio is used by the cell phone format to transmit and receive messages through the telephone networks. The cell phones used the FM band to transmit its band that was later changed to digital encoding. INMARSAT and Iridium are forms of satellite phones that provide world-wide reception and coverage. Navigation satellite system which where developed in 1950s, but where much used in the 1960s to locate commercial radio stations at AM bands that is also use by amateur radio stations. Aircraft navigation apply the VOR system of navigation that sends two signal at the sometime that works according to the range from the base of the signal rays. This system uses the DME or the Distance Measuring Equipment to locate its source therefore, providing a fixed position hence the name ‘fix’ that the system is referred to. The base or the stations that provide this service are known as VOR/DME stations. A system called TACAN that is incorporated into the VOR base is utilized by the military’s civil aircrafts and combined; the systems are called VORTAC communication systems. Radar is another form of audio format that uses GPS positions to detect objects under water in a form of a ‘Doppler Effect’. The EPIRB system or Emergency Position- Indicating Radio Beacons, Emergency Locating Transmitters, and Personal Locator Beacons are also use to locate position of objects in a time of need or emergency. Radio technology also includes video and television.
THE DIGITAL AGE OF RADIO
The advancement of radio into the digital format took radio into the universal age of discovery. Satellite radio, Digital Television and Digital Audio Broadcast replaced Marconi’s spark-gap telegraphy that is the oldest form of digital format that was used to send messages in Morse Code. However these types of transmitters were outlawed because of the power intake and radio frequency needed to transmit spark-gap format. Data took a turn into the future by utilizing the continuous wave telegraphy or CW (Continuous Wave) that needed a key to be switched on and off. This component applied radio frequency that used vacuum tube electronic oscillator and a receiver that created a whistle-like radio tone, in a power of One Hundred Hertz. The Continuous Wave format has not been eradicated from the networks. In the years 1925 to 1975 massages were sent by radio teletypes that operated on short-wave. The military also used this format as a speciality to create scripted information in the form of bits that were transmitted in one or two tones which formed a whole or body in groups of five or seven fragments to create a teletype message. This was also used extensively by intelligence agencies during the Second World War and is still in use for the military and weather predictors. (Compton’s, 1995, Volume 23, p.116)
Radio teletypes utilize VHF to send identity, altitude, and positioning, to communicate across the spectrum of formats in connecting flight-data. Telephone and television use quadrature amplitude modulation or QAM that sends data through changes of the phase and amplitude of the radio signals. QAM is use mostly by engineers that favour the structure of how the system packs the bits in frame format.
The systems that share their frequency with other services in order to encode digital signal into an array of a thousand sub-channels, include such a system as the COFDM OR “corrected orthodogonal frequency-divisional multiplexing’. This system makes digital decoding through a micro computer to form ‘digital signal processing’ that is easy to use and less expensive compared to older systems that where in operation during the separate electronic channels. COFDM can be sent in slow mode to prevent voice modules for fading when emitted from the source using the narrow channels of QAM signals. Other systems that use this system are Wifi, cellphones, Digital Radio Mondiale, Eureka 147 and digital television and of cause radio networks. (www.inventors.com/http/home.luna/history/Early-radio,html)
Heating also uses radio to generate microwave ovens energy else well as tractor beams which use radio waves around the electrostatic and magnetic forces. These tractor beams are use through space explorations. Radio remote control transmits control data to guide objects in the direction or course that is met to be taken. The military apply this technology to guide missiles to their targets. And as we all know our television sets use remote control radio technology too. (Wymer:1981;43-49)
RADIO AMATEURS IN S.A.
Going back in history wireless broadcasting dominated the airspace in a number of countries. In South Africa John Samuel Streeter, a Cape Town resident that was born in London, Hackney in 1884, was very instrumental in during the 1920s, in developing amateur radio. He provided entertainment broadcasting from Sea Point in Bernard House by featuring regular gramophone concerts on weekly bases and moved to Observatory to pursue this venture. Reginald Hopkins also became synonymous with amateur radio in the early 1920s; his was a man from Wynberg and used an instrument called the Pianola to reproduce musical sounds. Hopkins and Streeter worked together as partners producing and broadcast material that received a lot of publicity in newspapers, giving other youngsters a way of building their own amateur radio transmitters. They used a system called the ‘cat’s whisker’ that used a crystal detector and their popularity grew from the Western Cape to the Karoo. (Rosenthal: 1974; 8-19)
It was not long after that the Transvaal pioneers were following in the footsteps of the of the Cape amateurs developed by Arthur Sydney Innes who was well known by the name Tony Innes. Innes used wireless telephony like the other entire amateur radio enthusiasts, as a member of Corps (South African Air Force) in Johannesburg he was in charge of the Wireless Section of the military. When he left the military he started announcing by the name 2 OB, then met up with Streeter through his contacts in the Cape. Tony Innes also played a lot of gramophone records. Amateur radio led to the improvements that were made in radio. (Joyce:1989; 289)
Amateur radio communication was inspired by the father of radio himself, Guglielmo Marconi in 1901, who considered himself an amateur through his Atlantic Ocean radio signal experiment. Even Percy Maxim also a radio amateur conducted experiments in the United States. Amateur radio uses FM, single-sideband AM, digital packet radio and satellite beams. (America: 1992; 156-157)
TIMELINE
1864: James Clerk Maxwell exploit the theory of radio waves in his journals.
1888: Heinrich Hertz discovers and exhibits the theories of radio waves guided by Maxwell’s journals.
1890: Professor Edouard Branly of France invents a device that detects radio waves
1894: Marconi discovers radio by using Hertz’s theory and designs and sends the first signal.
1896: Marconi migrates to England and applied for British patent for his designs on the improvements he made.
1899: Marconi uses a new device to send signals across the English Channel and the first message ever.
1900: Marconi discovers wave length tuning by realizing that energy stored in circuits will give radio more power.
1901: Marconi discovers the Morse letter ‘S’ in his first transatlantic radio signal in Newfounland.
1906: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden makes the first public broadcast in history at a wireless station and H.H.C. Dunwoody discovers a more efficient way to detect radio waves.
1915: The first speech in the history of radio across the Atlantic between France and America using the Eiffel Tower.
1917: Marconi uses the VHF transmission for the first time.
1918: Major Edwin Armstrong discovers the superheat radio receiver.
1923: Dr. Frank Conrad applies the short wave system for long distance communication for the first time in history.
1924: Edward Victor Appleton solves the mystery of how radio travels and radio touches the shores of South Africa for the first time.
1935: Edwin Armstrong improves on the techniques of reducing static on the AM band.
1954: The first transistor was developed by an American company, Regency.
1961: America makes their first stereo broadcast, developed by a company called Zenith.
1963: AM stations lost touch in the United States but, later saved by new music from the British group the Beatles.
1970: Radio breaks new by making more money in history from the FM band and advertisers use the medium at their advantage.
1980: Satellite technology improves the number of stations available.
1980-1990: The dark years of radio broadcast around the world as the medium grows in South Africa.
1990-2000: South Africa sees the growth of radio as new radio station that carter to the youth is discovered called YFM and automation in the work environment of radio saves the integrity of radio.
2000-2006: South Africa offers more radio licenses and improves the structure of radio by breaking new grounds in radio broadcasting techniques.
CONCLUSION
The history of radio is a complex and structured development that took many years to accomplish and for it to reach its technological pinnacles all around the world. The transient nature of radio is what makes this medium unique in its totality from the days of Marconi to the world we live in today, and its simplicity, is what makes it the world’s number one medium. Radio transmits waves of information, education and entertainment in our chaotic, loud society with complex personalities, and has no boundary of niche or target in any structure of our nation. People can choose to listen to any radio broadcast that suites their taste or lifestyle in the South Africa microcosm. And create their own theatres of perception through sound and voice. Radio enriches lives and protects those who are blinded in this world through discussions that concentrate on the psychographics and environmental change. Radio is life, as Anthony Ackerman of S.A FM says: “Radio is the only medium, apart from television that can showcase soap operas through sound.” (Interview on SABC NEWS) The future of radio in this country is limitless and will go beyond the current presentation that radio offers today. (Manual, 2006, Boston Media House)
Radio captures the essence of what we really are and forms people’s behavior overtime and space. It creates villains and heroes in the airwaves break and mend hearts of mutual relations, radio is life. So, switch on my brother!
The most powerful medium in the history of broadcasting, that has captured the essence of entertainment, education, and information in our global community from the day of its inception over a century ago to the present digital age, has been by all counts, the medium of Radio. Radio has an emotive value that moves the spirits of people and influences their livelihood in every way imaginable. It is a medium that brings ethnicity of urban and rural areas together in its quality of being intrinsic - and the ability to cover all areas of its target listeners. In its evolution, the element of Radio, which is communication, has been effective in manipulating the political agendas in the whole world by so doing charging the out view of governmental policies in different countries. From the days of the First World War to the Palestine-Lebanon war against Israel, in this present day. Radio is at the forefront of technological advancement globally and has helped in the inventions of other broadcast Mediums (i.e. Television, internet and Cinema).
The discovery of Radio catapulted humankind to another domain of intelligentsia, erasing the world of telegraphy, because of its unreliability and ineffectiveness in hash conditions. Without radio, communication was impossible between marines at seas and its command base on the land. News took time to travel to different racial populations and areas, because of the vastness of our geographical separation and the undiscovered terrain at the time, which hindered and delayed the development of humankind for over centuries. The nature of history around the world was charged, because of this new tool of communication. The power that was held solely by the leaders of the day through propaganda was transferred to the common people and created transparency in the hierarchies of society. The fundamental position of radio was and still is to educate people about the nature of their environment.
The forefathers of radio technology had no idea of what their invention would do to the world, as Joseph Conrad articulates, “We live in the flicker may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling! But darkness was here yesterday.” (Heart of Darkness:14, 1999) So is the nature of Radio broadcast, for it has to move with the times and trends of that particular era. Radio is unpredictable, it is said to be, “The Theatre of the mind.” For it creates pictures in the mind through the element of sound and fulfils people’s needs of entertainment, education and information. To understand the centre of Radio history in our world, let us take a look at, ‘The Beginning of Radio’.
The discovery of electromagnetic waves by a German physicist, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz led to the development of radio and television, not excluding radar technology. Hertz’s research was base on the work of James Clerk Maxwell’s mathematical equations, who was a British scientist and a Professor at Cambridge University. Maxwell was interested in the fundamentals of electromagnetic waves in 1873, from the journals of Michael Faraday who first found the existence of electrical and magnetic fields. Maxwell then predicted the existence of these waves which were recorded in his journals. It was only a decade and a half later in 1887, that Hertz began testing Maxwell’s theories regarding electromagnetic radiation in his laboratory, using an apparatus called, an ‘Oscillator’ in his laboratory. Hertz’s apparatus was connected between two copper knobs that created electronically charged sparks that could pass through water and reach each other when placed at a distance from one another. The speed of the waves could travel at the speed of light at long periods of time and space, ultimately creating a connection of invisible air wires. These waves Hertz called, Hertzian waves, which were recognized as radio waves. (The Investions-: 1982; 226-229)
The whole theory of radio is base on the Hertzian waves that enabled the creation or invention of radio. This discovery sent the world to its feet and inspired a lot of scientists to try and outwit Hertz and improve on his detection of radio waves, from Lord Kelvin and Sir Oliver Lodge of British origin to Professor E. Branly of France. Professor E. Branly improve the detection in radio waves by inventing a device called the ‘Coherer’. The Coherer was to prove to be effective. It was a little tubular container of iron filings that where made by the Hertzian waves to combine and created a frugal electrical conductor. Sir Oliver Lodge used the dot and dashers of the Morse code, to create a first radio transition, therefore became the first person in history to receive a radio message, in the year, 1894, thus creating the earliest radio called ‘Wireless Telegraphy’. (Wymer: 1981; 43-46)
The tubular conductor was not that reliable, because of the inefficiency it showed in transferring signals. It was discovered that the filings became locked in their low resistance and prevented the waves from reaching its target. Professor Alexandra Popov‘s invention, of Russian descent pave the way to the improvements of the Coherer. Popov created the electrical bell that was used to shake the filings apart and, therefore it was instrumental in achieving its goal. Popov then attached a wire to the coherer and improved the reception quite extensively and that wire was the first receiving aerial. He recorded lighting using the coherer and aerial in the year, 1895, and his ideas where learnt by an Italian electrician, on how to send and receive electromagnetic signals. (De Bono: 1976; 57-58)
The development of radio was on its way in improving the lives of millions of people around the globe and making a scientific break-through in communication science and technological advancement. A young man who was interested in the experiments of science from an early age was to be the leader of radio discovery and enlighten the scientific fraternity of his discovery. (His age of discovery disputed in various books)
THE FATHER OF RADIO
A man who was to become a leader in wireless telegraphy was, Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi was half British and half Italian, son of Annie Jameson, who was encouraged by his mother to delve into the world of scientific research. Marconi spent most his life in Bologna, Italy where, he was born in the year, 1874. His discovery came after the death of, Heinrich Hertz, when Marconi was inspired to advance on the work of the late scientist. The discovery of radio came after several failed experimental trials, when Marconi, assisted by his sibling made a connection between two receivers with a hill separating the receivers and the year was, 1895. He then tried to persuade the Italian government to fund his discovery but, the government refused to help him develop his invention. (The Inventive Genius-: 1966; 46-49)
In the year, 1897, Marconi and his British relatives developed a ‘Wireless Telegraph and Signals Co.’; three years after the French government refuse to fund his initiative. The company he started was to be later called, ‘Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co.’ The Company concentrated in helping communications in civilian vessels by installing radio technology. On the 12th, December, 1901 three dots of the letter S were received by Marconi from a civilian vessel carrying about, 1,650 passengers, proving Marconi deductions about radio gliding wave theory. This ‘transatlantic radio short wave’ (HF), occurred at the bay of Newfoundland from Poldhu, Cornwall England were he deduced: “waves do not propagate in the same manner as free radiation from a classical Hertzian oscillator, but glide along the surface of the Earth.” (www.wikipedia.com). In the course of that year Marconi wrote a publication about, the “Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy”, giving his views about the topic of radio and communication. In the year, 1902, Marconi explored the possibility of commercial radio when all of his rivals were still behind in scientific discoveries. Marconi became a Noble Prize Laureate sharing the prize with Karl Ferdinand Braun. One of Marconi’s rivals Nikola Tesla was the first to predict the four tuned system that was developed by Marconi. Marconi’s work was derived from a lot of models done by different scientists. (Cavedish: 1974; 118-121)
Tesla was said to have held a number of patents in the development of radio and Marconi’s claims of having patent rights of certain designs that were similar to Tesla’s. Marconi’s reputation was dented when some of his colleges questioned the nature of his experiments and going so far as to claiming that some of his work was based under fails pretenses. Tesla took Marconi to task by conducting a lawsuit against him regarding the rights of radio discovery. Marconi was very much loved by his supporters who defended him against the onslaught of Tesla and his claims. At the turn of the century the US Patent Office made its decision and gave the patent of radio to Marconi and the other rights were solved by the U.S. Supreme Court. In the year, 1943 after the United States Army was involved in a lawsuit against Marconi’s company involving radio. The lawsuit was finally awarded to Marconi therefore, cementing his throne as the ‘Father of Radio’. (De Bono: 1976; 57-58)
THE PRETENDERS AT THE THRONE
Nikola Tesla was an inventor and an electrical engineer. He was born in the year, 1856, July 9th, in Croatia. In 1880, Tesla graduated from the University of Prague, and then moved to Budapest, Hungary to work as a Telephone engineer, because of his new AC power system that was to replace the old direct-current or DC system. Later in 1884, Tesla migrated to the United States were he met Thomas Edison and become his assistant. In 1886, Tesla lost his job due to a friction that developed between the two men. He finally was recognized as a U.S. citizen in 1889. (Compton’s, 1995, :230)
After building his own laboratory in 1893, Nikola Tesla designed a number of electrical tools and presented his designs to the Franklin Institute and the National Electrical Light Association, in Philadelphia. This was before the discovery of the vacuum tube and Tesla’s findings were later included into radio systems. An enigmatic man Nikola Tesla was, for he explored all the possibilities that were presented before him and came up with new solutions. His field of pioneering went towards magnetic receivers, choosing to not follow the functions of the coherer, ultimately making a break-through for being the first to have used the mechanism of electrical conduction.
In 1896 Marconi was certified a patent for, ‘IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSMITTING ELETCRICAL IMPULSES AND SIGNALS AND IN APPARATUS THERE-FOR” (British patent 12039: marconi.com), in the field of radio. Marconi went on to open the first radio station in the history of the world. Tesla realised that he was treading behind in the field of discovery of radio, and then in 1900, Tesla emulated Marconi’s advancement by opening his first radio tower called the Wardnclyffe Tower that utilized to advertise services in his community. Tesla was quoted making claims that his radio tower was superior, because of its ability to: “secure multichannel transceiving of information, universal navigation, time synchronization, and a global location system.” (Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia-website)
Nikola Tesla’s inventions helped develop an alternative to Marconi’s way of doing things and formed a competitive and embarrassing theatre of discovery that was to prove to be fruitful for the development of radio for many centuries to come. Marconi’s pretenders all missed the vital parts in the development of radio, even Tesla after the lawsuit was left bankrupt and unable to carry his later inventions to life. However, Nikola Tesla achievements in the field of science are not overlooked for he was a man of many talents.(De Bono, 1976, p 56-58). Hertz initiated the spheres of radio wave that enabled the world to find a substitute to Telegraphy. Marconi advance on that discovery, so did Tesla. What was to follow in the game of radio advancement was beyond the dreams of Marconi, thanks to his foundation work in the history of radio. (Wymer: 1981; 43-46)
OTHER PLAYERS IN THE FIELD OF RADIO
After Nikola Tesla’s demonstrations of “Alternatives in Currents of High Potential and High Frequency” in 1892 of a remote controlled boat (U.S. patent 613809). It was certain that radio could be taken to another level as Tesla himself maintained that his ‘transverse electromagnetic waves’ was better than Marconi’s system of radio. Other inventors that were instrumental in the development of radio were; Georg von Arco a European pioneer, Edouard Branly with the invention of the Branly coherer in 1890, Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti who designed a tuning tube, Amos Dolbear with his earth transmission (U.S. Patent 350299), Thomas Alva Edison on “Etheric Force” in 1875 (U.S. Patent 465971, 1891), Michael Faraday, Reginald Fessenden with is “continuous” wave transmission (wikipedia.com, 2006). In the year 1840, Hans Christian Orsted found a magnetic field that was surrounded by a wire carrying current, Joseph Henry who transmitted radiant energy from a capacitor through a coil from a distance of about a hundred feet, in December 1840. Charles Herrold who advance the broadcast of radio, David E. Hughes for the experiments he conducted in transmission and reception, Jozef Murgas (1890), William Henry Preece, Augusto Righi, Harry Shoemaker(1901-1905), Adolphus Slaby a European pioneer, John Stone Stone (1901-1904) and Nathan Stubblefield with wireless telegraphy (1902). (The Inventions-: 1982; 226-229)
Jagdish Chandra Bose discovered the ‘UHF’ phenomenon in 1894; this proved that communication can be sent to anyone without the use of wires. The Daily Chronicle report on his discovery quite extensively of him, using gun powder in his experiment, beating Marconi by three years in his discovery; however Bose was not a business minded person and did not claim patents for his developments. In the year 1895, Bose went to Calcutta, India to showcase some of his experiments; however Tesla’s work was predated only by half a decade. The only work that Bose got credited for was his progress on the “iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector” which presented at the Royal Society in London, 1899 (U.S. Patent755840) and the “Detector for electrical disturbance” in 1904. Bose was an invisible man in the world of science; however his work did help in the contribution and the technological advancement of radio.
The men who transmitted his radio signal a year before Marconi was, Oliver Lodge. At the Association for the Advancement of Science at Oxford University, in 1894, Lodge made improvements on Edouard Branly’s coherer by adding a device called the ‘trembler’. He was awarded a patent for the work on “Electric Telegraphy” that was able to make wireless communication signals using other inventor’s coils. Lodge sold his patent to Marconi in 1912. (De Bono: 1976; 57-58)
The invention of radio had many people who claimed to have been the first to discover radio signals. A man called Mahlon Loomis of West Virginia, in the United States was such a man, with the oldest patent dating from 1872, predating all the other discoveries. His design used for atmospheric electricity, which was similar to works of other inventors. Ernest Rutherford improved the development of radio by scientific research in 1895, with a Research Scholarship to Cambridge by detecting electromagnetic waves, thus contributing to the world of radio history. (The Inventive Genius-: 1966; 46-50)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO NETWORKS
The development of radio networks brought about technological advancement in the field of Warfare and improved communication networks amongst the Allied forces. Radio networks were developed after Marconi founded or produced a radio beam in 1922. The national networks controlled all the radio industry, during 1900 and 1920, however in 1926; the ‘National Broadcasting Company’ was founded. The company had two distinct ways of broadcasting communication; it had the Blue Network and the Red Network thus, enabling the network companies to produce much needed business through advertising. Other developers like, Ronald M. Foster and George C. Southworth, improved on the methods of developing field patterns. (Cavedish: 1975; 118-121)
In the year 1926, the new powering system for radio was discovered and it was called the ‘All-electric’ which changed or altered the alternating current into direct current that was useful for radio and erased the need for batteries. This development led to the formation of the United Independent Broadcasters, Inc., in 1927 and later developing the Colombian Broadcasting System. The Mutual Broadcasting Company came into existence in 1934, however in 1942, the original network companies were disbanded at the orders of the Federal Communications Commission, and the Blue Network Company became independent which, in later years changed its name to the ‘American Broadcasting Company’. (Compton’s: 1995; Volume20; 60)
In the First World War radio played a significant part during the battle of Jutland when naval ships fought against the enemy and were commanded through a radio communication system, in 1916. But earlier radio had played a major part when the Titanic was sunk in 1912, alerting other ships to be cautious on their route they were travelling in. This prompted the authorities to enforce a twenty-four hour radio watch on every ship because of the amount of people that were lost at seas during the disaster. (www.bbc.com)
In the Cold War radio was used by the Americans and their nemesis, Russia to promote propaganda in the interest of their countries respectively. This was to manipulate public opinion by ‘Radio Moscow’ and ‘The Voice of America’ in order to push their mandate and justify their actions to their nations and this was due to the amount of time spent developing radio networks. Countries were beginning to see the advantage of radio to their political aspirations by using radio for deception and distortion of the truth. This led to the laws of censorship and place boundaries in the amount of speech allowed on radio. (The World Book, 2000, Volume 15)
During the war in Europe a man called Edwin Armstrong, an engineer, advanced the functionalities of radio by creating the FM band although, it was not welcomed by network companies because of the AM band that was in existence at that time. Soldiers could listen to the developments of war in their compartments and be entertained, that was also available on aircrafts which used radio technology for navigation. (Americana, 1992, p.882)
RADIO IN AFRICA
In Africa the development of radio came about after improvements were made in the way power was distributed. The technological change to a battery powered transistor in the early 1900, gave radio a new footing in the “Dark Continent”. In 1972 the United Nations was involved in the development of radio in the whole of Africa yet, the niche of radio in these countries was very fair from being achieved, with a number of about twenty-seven countries unable to keep up with the communication systems that were in place at that time. Nigeria has a developed system of communication distribution and social listening with an average of six sets out-of a hundred which, provides a broadcast network of about seven regional services in fifteen languages.(Schirmer:1980; 54-55)
In South Africa like many other countries, most Broadcasting networks are controlled by the government of those countries; these countries include Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, and Tanganyika. The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was given life on July 1st, 1924, at the Johannesburg Post Office, corner of Pritchard and Rissik Streets. This birth was not the actual rise of the SABC; however this gave South Africa a network that would later develop the radio industry in this country. Springbok radio became a prominent figure with the South African Broadcasting Corporation, which was a public utility, under the control of a board of nine governors who commercialized the services of the station, together with the national service, regulated by English and Afrikaans languages. Springbok radio generated enough revenues to keep the operation alive and the SABC maintained a wired network service to the then ‘Bantu’ towns, however with limited radio. In South Africa FM stations have been leading the pack with almost 57FM stations, with the network able to carry about 123 stations and more. The SABC broadcast about 23 radio services in 19 languages, which six are nationally beamed via Intelsat satellite. The regional services host stations such as Good Hope Radio, Highveld Stereo, Jacaranda, Radio Algoa and 5FM. Nine services from the SABC broadcast programmes to the black populous, now including the privately owned YFM. The SABC has other external services that it provides from the short-wave network with other languages such as French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili, and Lozi. South Africa radio is a powerful medium with extensive coverage of news from all the national regions and international countries. It has about three-hundred news bulletins a day in a network that consists of about 30 editorials offices, 1300 correspondents, 20 foreign correspondents and 2000 news monitoring studios with representative in Washington, London and Windhoek. The SABC maintains an amount of 12 million listership that starts in South Africa and all of Africa. (Rosenthal: 1976; 1-5/ Schirmer: 1980; 55). Egypt is also a country with a highly developed network system of communication with a state owned UAR Radio that provides seven national programs of services which six are in Arabic languages. The have a niche of about 60% for entertainment, 19% for cultural affairs, 16% for news and information with 5% religion. And in Ghana most of the national networks are wired. (America: 1992; 422)
Ultimately, Africa utilizes its network system to educate, inform and entertain the populous regarding issues that affect the niche in particular areas and countries. Radio has played a vital part in broadening social and political awareness in our continent and this tool will continue to open digital spheres for our world.
RADIO AND AUDIO FORMATS
Radio uses varies ways of getting massages across the globe and that is all derived under audio which, is sound. Sound is transmitted in different modes of bands and these bands are also referred to as frequency. The first band is the AM band that is used to broadcast or send music and voices in the Medium Frequency (MF-0.300 MHz to 3 MHz) radio rays. The AM band uses “amplitude modulation” that increases the sound through the microphone to the transmitter without altering the course of the frequency. The FM band also functions the same way that the AM band does, however the speed is much more advanced and clearer than the AM band. FM (Frequency modulation) bands are louder on the microphone and create a leveled powered mode. FM is at High Frequency (VHF-30 MHz to 300MHz) rays that are meant to cover long distances between fifty and a hundred kilometers with it being the most protected mode or band. Another radio mode is, ‘Aviation Voice Radio’ or VHS AM. This band is used by aircrafts to communicate with other aircrafts and radio-control or towers which can be received hundreds of kilometres away from the airbase or airport. The VHS band uses AM so it can receive multiple channels without blocking other communicators within the stream. (Cavedish: 1975; 118-121)
The military has been using radio ever since it was introduced by Marconi to military fleets as the ‘S’ code in 1926 and during World War One. Civil and Military HF or high frequency voice services use the SW or shortwave to communicate with other military vessels and aircrafts when their out at seas or inland. They use the ‘single sideband voice’ or SSB that is lesser in width than the AM band and is referred to as the ‘Duck Quaking Band’. The Marines use AM in shortwave High Frequency band that utilizes, 3 MHz to 30 MHz in narrow bands which is used by government officials, police, fire, and commercial voice services. Then the TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) that is a digital cell phone system used by the military, police and the ambulances to communicate and receive alerts. Commercial services also use this service in a form of digital Satellite radio.(Wymer:1981;.43-46/ www.bbc.com)
Microwave radio is used by the cell phone format to transmit and receive messages through the telephone networks. The cell phones used the FM band to transmit its band that was later changed to digital encoding. INMARSAT and Iridium are forms of satellite phones that provide world-wide reception and coverage. Navigation satellite system which where developed in 1950s, but where much used in the 1960s to locate commercial radio stations at AM bands that is also use by amateur radio stations. Aircraft navigation apply the VOR system of navigation that sends two signal at the sometime that works according to the range from the base of the signal rays. This system uses the DME or the Distance Measuring Equipment to locate its source therefore, providing a fixed position hence the name ‘fix’ that the system is referred to. The base or the stations that provide this service are known as VOR/DME stations. A system called TACAN that is incorporated into the VOR base is utilized by the military’s civil aircrafts and combined; the systems are called VORTAC communication systems. Radar is another form of audio format that uses GPS positions to detect objects under water in a form of a ‘Doppler Effect’. The EPIRB system or Emergency Position- Indicating Radio Beacons, Emergency Locating Transmitters, and Personal Locator Beacons are also use to locate position of objects in a time of need or emergency. Radio technology also includes video and television.
THE DIGITAL AGE OF RADIO
The advancement of radio into the digital format took radio into the universal age of discovery. Satellite radio, Digital Television and Digital Audio Broadcast replaced Marconi’s spark-gap telegraphy that is the oldest form of digital format that was used to send messages in Morse Code. However these types of transmitters were outlawed because of the power intake and radio frequency needed to transmit spark-gap format. Data took a turn into the future by utilizing the continuous wave telegraphy or CW (Continuous Wave) that needed a key to be switched on and off. This component applied radio frequency that used vacuum tube electronic oscillator and a receiver that created a whistle-like radio tone, in a power of One Hundred Hertz. The Continuous Wave format has not been eradicated from the networks. In the years 1925 to 1975 massages were sent by radio teletypes that operated on short-wave. The military also used this format as a speciality to create scripted information in the form of bits that were transmitted in one or two tones which formed a whole or body in groups of five or seven fragments to create a teletype message. This was also used extensively by intelligence agencies during the Second World War and is still in use for the military and weather predictors. (Compton’s, 1995, Volume 23, p.116)
Radio teletypes utilize VHF to send identity, altitude, and positioning, to communicate across the spectrum of formats in connecting flight-data. Telephone and television use quadrature amplitude modulation or QAM that sends data through changes of the phase and amplitude of the radio signals. QAM is use mostly by engineers that favour the structure of how the system packs the bits in frame format.
The systems that share their frequency with other services in order to encode digital signal into an array of a thousand sub-channels, include such a system as the COFDM OR “corrected orthodogonal frequency-divisional multiplexing’. This system makes digital decoding through a micro computer to form ‘digital signal processing’ that is easy to use and less expensive compared to older systems that where in operation during the separate electronic channels. COFDM can be sent in slow mode to prevent voice modules for fading when emitted from the source using the narrow channels of QAM signals. Other systems that use this system are Wifi, cellphones, Digital Radio Mondiale, Eureka 147 and digital television and of cause radio networks. (www.inventors.com/http/home.luna/history/Early-radio,html)
Heating also uses radio to generate microwave ovens energy else well as tractor beams which use radio waves around the electrostatic and magnetic forces. These tractor beams are use through space explorations. Radio remote control transmits control data to guide objects in the direction or course that is met to be taken. The military apply this technology to guide missiles to their targets. And as we all know our television sets use remote control radio technology too. (Wymer:1981;43-49)
RADIO AMATEURS IN S.A.
Going back in history wireless broadcasting dominated the airspace in a number of countries. In South Africa John Samuel Streeter, a Cape Town resident that was born in London, Hackney in 1884, was very instrumental in during the 1920s, in developing amateur radio. He provided entertainment broadcasting from Sea Point in Bernard House by featuring regular gramophone concerts on weekly bases and moved to Observatory to pursue this venture. Reginald Hopkins also became synonymous with amateur radio in the early 1920s; his was a man from Wynberg and used an instrument called the Pianola to reproduce musical sounds. Hopkins and Streeter worked together as partners producing and broadcast material that received a lot of publicity in newspapers, giving other youngsters a way of building their own amateur radio transmitters. They used a system called the ‘cat’s whisker’ that used a crystal detector and their popularity grew from the Western Cape to the Karoo. (Rosenthal: 1974; 8-19)
It was not long after that the Transvaal pioneers were following in the footsteps of the of the Cape amateurs developed by Arthur Sydney Innes who was well known by the name Tony Innes. Innes used wireless telephony like the other entire amateur radio enthusiasts, as a member of Corps (South African Air Force) in Johannesburg he was in charge of the Wireless Section of the military. When he left the military he started announcing by the name 2 OB, then met up with Streeter through his contacts in the Cape. Tony Innes also played a lot of gramophone records. Amateur radio led to the improvements that were made in radio. (Joyce:1989; 289)
Amateur radio communication was inspired by the father of radio himself, Guglielmo Marconi in 1901, who considered himself an amateur through his Atlantic Ocean radio signal experiment. Even Percy Maxim also a radio amateur conducted experiments in the United States. Amateur radio uses FM, single-sideband AM, digital packet radio and satellite beams. (America: 1992; 156-157)
TIMELINE
1864: James Clerk Maxwell exploit the theory of radio waves in his journals.
1888: Heinrich Hertz discovers and exhibits the theories of radio waves guided by Maxwell’s journals.
1890: Professor Edouard Branly of France invents a device that detects radio waves
1894: Marconi discovers radio by using Hertz’s theory and designs and sends the first signal.
1896: Marconi migrates to England and applied for British patent for his designs on the improvements he made.
1899: Marconi uses a new device to send signals across the English Channel and the first message ever.
1900: Marconi discovers wave length tuning by realizing that energy stored in circuits will give radio more power.
1901: Marconi discovers the Morse letter ‘S’ in his first transatlantic radio signal in Newfounland.
1906: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden makes the first public broadcast in history at a wireless station and H.H.C. Dunwoody discovers a more efficient way to detect radio waves.
1915: The first speech in the history of radio across the Atlantic between France and America using the Eiffel Tower.
1917: Marconi uses the VHF transmission for the first time.
1918: Major Edwin Armstrong discovers the superheat radio receiver.
1923: Dr. Frank Conrad applies the short wave system for long distance communication for the first time in history.
1924: Edward Victor Appleton solves the mystery of how radio travels and radio touches the shores of South Africa for the first time.
1935: Edwin Armstrong improves on the techniques of reducing static on the AM band.
1954: The first transistor was developed by an American company, Regency.
1961: America makes their first stereo broadcast, developed by a company called Zenith.
1963: AM stations lost touch in the United States but, later saved by new music from the British group the Beatles.
1970: Radio breaks new by making more money in history from the FM band and advertisers use the medium at their advantage.
1980: Satellite technology improves the number of stations available.
1980-1990: The dark years of radio broadcast around the world as the medium grows in South Africa.
1990-2000: South Africa sees the growth of radio as new radio station that carter to the youth is discovered called YFM and automation in the work environment of radio saves the integrity of radio.
2000-2006: South Africa offers more radio licenses and improves the structure of radio by breaking new grounds in radio broadcasting techniques.
CONCLUSION
The history of radio is a complex and structured development that took many years to accomplish and for it to reach its technological pinnacles all around the world. The transient nature of radio is what makes this medium unique in its totality from the days of Marconi to the world we live in today, and its simplicity, is what makes it the world’s number one medium. Radio transmits waves of information, education and entertainment in our chaotic, loud society with complex personalities, and has no boundary of niche or target in any structure of our nation. People can choose to listen to any radio broadcast that suites their taste or lifestyle in the South Africa microcosm. And create their own theatres of perception through sound and voice. Radio enriches lives and protects those who are blinded in this world through discussions that concentrate on the psychographics and environmental change. Radio is life, as Anthony Ackerman of S.A FM says: “Radio is the only medium, apart from television that can showcase soap operas through sound.” (Interview on SABC NEWS) The future of radio in this country is limitless and will go beyond the current presentation that radio offers today. (Manual, 2006, Boston Media House)
Radio captures the essence of what we really are and forms people’s behavior overtime and space. It creates villains and heroes in the airwaves break and mend hearts of mutual relations, radio is life. So, switch on my brother!
Compiled by Linda Sakazi Thwala
LIST OF REFERENCES
•ANDERSON, M.C. & CONRAD, J, 1999.Heart of Darkness, University of South Africa: Pretoria.
•ANONYMOUS, 1995. Compton’s Encyclopedia, Volume 10, Tribune Publishing Company, USA: Chicago
•ANONYMOUS, 1995.Compton’s Encyclopedia, Volume 14, Tribune Publishing Company, USA: Chicago
•ANONYMOUS, 1995.Compton’s Encyclopedia, Volume 23, Tribune Publishing Company, USA: Chicago
•ANONYMOUS, 1995. Compton’s Encyclopedia, Volume 20, Tribune Publishing Company, USA: Chicago
•ANONYMOUS, 2006. RADIO STUDY MANAUL, Boston Media House, South Africa: Sandton
•ANONYMOUS, 1982. The Inventions that changed the world- an illustration guide to man’s practical genius through the ages
•ANONYMOUS, 1966. The Invention Genius Foundations of Science- Inventions Foundation of Science Library Technology, London Press.
•CAVENDISH, M, 1975. The illustrated Encyclopedia of Technology, British Press: London.
•ANONYMOUS, 2000. The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 15, Oxford Press.
•DE BONO, E, 1976. Eureka, An illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer: London.
•HOLLAWAY, M, 2001. Love, Power and Meaning, Oxford University Press, Cape Town: South Africa.
•JOYCE, P, 1989. Encyclopaedia, London Press.
•ROSENTHAL, E, 1974. You Have Been Listening, Oxford Press: London
•www. bbc.co.uk(Thomson radio)
•www. google.cu.uk (How radio helps society- Google search)
•www. wikipedia.com (Website)
•WYMER, N, 1981, Inventors, British Press: London.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
CORRUPTION– Africa’s Disease
Corruption has reached its peak in South Africa and the people can’t take it anymore. Corruption is not new to us, but its pace is now alarming. This year the ministers splashed on cars, houses and other untold gadgets. Whilst the country was heavily hit by recession, corruption inflated. It is no wonder that people in Mpumalanga have become violent – enough is enough.
The government, whilst campaigning, promised to turn South Africa into a paradise, where people would work together, jobs created, water and electricity in every corner, smooth roads, good services – the list is endless. Although citizens acknowledge and appreciate government’s effort to ‘create a better society for all’, we would like to see corruption in all spheres of the economy being curbed urgently, in order to preserve the future of this beautiful country.
We have seen enough flames, rubber bullets attempting to silence fuming citizens – whilst corruption, the cause of this chaos is on the rise. Mpumalanga residents openly displayed their rage towards their municipality, and this led to many of municipal leaders being fired. I would like to congratulate the government on this and I hope it is just the beginning of rooting out corruption and corrupt individuals. I look forward to seeing many corrupt officials being fired, even though this means there will be very few, if any left.
On the violence side – everyone seems to blame the residents for violence, not considering the fact that they might have exhausted all options. Violence is wrong, but at the present moment, it seems to be solving problems faster. The Mpumalanga officials are now fired but in some parts of the country, where corruption is also rife nothing has happened as yet.
The people of the South know that sometimes violence is the solution to some problems. Apartheid was not removed by dignified talks, there were fires, bullets and blood, and corruption might also be removed by the same scourge.
By Babalwa Sibango
The government, whilst campaigning, promised to turn South Africa into a paradise, where people would work together, jobs created, water and electricity in every corner, smooth roads, good services – the list is endless. Although citizens acknowledge and appreciate government’s effort to ‘create a better society for all’, we would like to see corruption in all spheres of the economy being curbed urgently, in order to preserve the future of this beautiful country.
We have seen enough flames, rubber bullets attempting to silence fuming citizens – whilst corruption, the cause of this chaos is on the rise. Mpumalanga residents openly displayed their rage towards their municipality, and this led to many of municipal leaders being fired. I would like to congratulate the government on this and I hope it is just the beginning of rooting out corruption and corrupt individuals. I look forward to seeing many corrupt officials being fired, even though this means there will be very few, if any left.
On the violence side – everyone seems to blame the residents for violence, not considering the fact that they might have exhausted all options. Violence is wrong, but at the present moment, it seems to be solving problems faster. The Mpumalanga officials are now fired but in some parts of the country, where corruption is also rife nothing has happened as yet.
The people of the South know that sometimes violence is the solution to some problems. Apartheid was not removed by dignified talks, there were fires, bullets and blood, and corruption might also be removed by the same scourge.
By Babalwa Sibango
Sunday, November 1, 2009
FIND YOUR DESTINY
One of life’s most unanswered questions, is the question of destiny. What is destiny? Is it the things we acquire in our journey of life, the love we seek and sometimes find, or is it the way we carry ourselves, our being. Is it our sensual attitudes towards our environment and the social interactions which offer us with solitude at times, laughter, happiness, and sorrow. Is it the roads we travel? Whatever we think or do destiny is a place that each individual is destined to reach.
Destiny is an innate entity that needs to be nurtured by our loved ones, meaning your parents and close relatives, if not by ourselves. Destiny is a promise from the heavens, it is an endorsement made by ourselves in a divine order, in love and in light. It resurrects with growth as soon as a toddler reaches puberty, influenced by the social imprints experienced day-in and day-out through peer-pressure in addition to paradigms of social immoralities and the struggles well fought to reach a lucid base in life. These influences form or pave the way to your destiny. I always maintain that, our destiny is assured however, it all depends on our choices. As in Robert Frost’s poem, ‘The road not taken’, where the speaker says
“I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.”
Your destiny is assured but, your choices are not. In life everyone has two choices; to be or not be, live or die, inhale or exhale, work or be idle, win or lose. Your choices determine the culminations of your journey in life, that being your destiny. Everyone was given the right to choose and that chose is interlinked with your personal data base. In life there are two sides namely; wrong and right and so an individual must make a decision that will affect their journey in life. It is all enveloped in knowing yourself and the energies that surround you, in which the are many possibilities in the divine order to how your life turns out. And that has to be determined by you and only you.
The other day I was watching Oprah, on SABC 3 and she was interviewing the author of, ‘A Million Little Pieces’, James Fry, a book based on the author’s personal experiences and realities about drug addiction. As the author related his story, I was mesmerized by his accounts of having started using at a very tender age of ten. First drinking alcohol and then moving on to heavier staff at thirteen, from there on he was involved in ‘dealing’, attending college in an apogee of white powder. Having overdosed twice previously. Then decided that enough is enough and took another road in his life, which is to rehabilitate himself and be a positive beckon in the lives of other addicts by writing about his endeavors in the state of mental absenteeism and a form of escapism from his reality. And that was the birth of the best selling novel, ‘A Million Little Pieces’.
This is a true depiction of destiny. Clearly the author was meant to write this book one way or another and help bring people to the realities of addiction, be it drugs or alcohol. The universe had paved a pathway for him to do this, that being his destiny, however the universe also left the author a choice, for him to realize his personal strength in acquiring the power within himself and taking that necessary step towards his destiny by choosing the other ‘road not taken’, offered to him in the eternal universe. He could have chosen to be idle and gave up on life, died a lonely spasmodic death of drugs and alcohol but, choose to get clean, get married, have children, and two dogs, which he happily walks before sitting next to his computer and writing yet another best-seller, (The dogs not the children).
Which reminds me about the interview that Miss O, had with the cast of the movie Crash; a motion-picture that paints a bleak image on interrelations between people of color and their white counterparts. In life just as in the movie, prejudice is a choice and if a person chooses to be hateful to another person, because of the color of their skin, their destiny will be an unfulfilled life of hate, resentment and labeling. Which ultimately will lead them to being seen as racist and that is not a wise choice in life. Humanity will be better served if people learned to be less bias or racist to their fellow man and help reach an abundantly loving destiny for our nation.
I sometimes have greeting glances of the sun at dawn and cheerful goodbyes at dusk, and think of the million possibilities in the world that are there for a single individual however, cannot be acquired all at once, but can be reached all in good time. Time also has two sides, just like choice, your have the ‘past’ and the ‘to’, day and night, yesterday and tomorrow. We all flow in the essence of time, and need to be patient. A person must choose to be patient through the walk of life. I have friends who are in jail today because of their choices and impatience. They use to talk of a nice materialistic life style and fast cars, and having sexual related games with women they hardly knew. I saw no problem in that but, what disturbed me is the way that my friends took to acquire this wealth, that is by stealing or hijacking. I know that if you are from the township and you live with a single parent, some things are hard to come by when you want them to. Even education can be a far-fetched realization for you, as you are surrounded by abject poverty and negativity. However I do not condone violence as a vehicle for penury emancipation. Unfortunately some of my friends found if necessary to follow such a lifestyle and choose to live a life of a rabbit , always in the hurry from the police, like the rabbit Dorothy chased in, ‘The Wizard of Oz’. My friends chose this destiny of a ‘jail-bird’ and I choose a life of wisdom filled with poetry writing, (And reciting), and that has made a difference for me, and hopefully, someday the world. My destiny being to fly with ambition of self and resurrect the leader to be, a voice of hope to all and bring light into the world, like the sun at dawn, I will endure the day, my mind never sleeping until I reach my glorified dusk, my destiny.
In a relationship two people who are in love must not have fairytale perceptions of love. They must understand that loving another person is based on choice and understanding, therefore the destiny being a fruitful relationship, marriage, and sometimes children. Yes there are other factors to consider like, emotions such as caring, compassion, and attraction but, if someone chooses to ignore these feelings nothing can ever blossom or ignited into a romantic experience. This includes abuse between two individuals be it verbal or physical. When a person decides or chooses to be abusive they draw themselves a mapped destiny of emotional and physical scars that will be hard to mend
We must remember that the choices we make determine our attitude which will determine our latitude that will equal to our destiny. Destiny is about living life the way you where meant to live it and engaging all the obstacles you come across, in a positive light and to do that, you need to be wise in your choices. As I always tell my friends that: “Wise-ways come from wise-thinking which result into wise experiences enriching your soul equaling to wisdom.” ( And that was not a quote from anyone famous ). In good choices lays a destiny far more greater than your own expectations and your dreams. Be patient, be wise, and make excellent choices and watch as your destiny unfolds.
WORD TO A NEW REVOLUTION!
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
Saturday, October 31, 2009
INSIDE THE PAPER FOR THE PEOPLE - THE SUNDAY TIMES
In the dictionary the term, journalism is defined as: “the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio, or television”. However in recent years the terms of what journalism is about and entails has evolved beyond the structures that form the bases of acquiring the story and reporting the story. Graham Greer, in his book; ‘a new introduction to JOURNALISM’, states: “Journalism is the profession or practice of reporting, about, photographing, or editing news stories for one of the mass media. [i.e. Internet, newspapers, radio, magazines, and television]” .The are a lot of facets to be considered before the requirements of a deadline are met and the final publication is distributed. To delve into these facets that make up one of the largest mediums in the canon of mass media, print media, I take a look inside, “THE PAPER FOR THE PEOPLE”, The Sunday Times.
The Sunday Times is one of, if not, thee largest paper in Southern Africa. It was first established in the year, 1906 and has evolved over the years to being the biggest national paper in the Southern hemisphere, including countries such as, Lesotho, Botswana and Swaziland.The Sunday Times is a weekly publication that consists of six publications that form one paper, including a magazine. The first editorials feature current affairs which include national and international political news, world news, and social news, entertainment and gossip columns. These editorials have the cover story and the title of the magazine, results for one of South Africa’s favorite pastime, the Lotto and a list of what is to follow inside. The second editorials are titled, ‘Insight & Opinion’, which carries personal accounts or narratives of prominent people and events on the first page, (reported by special reporters). Then obituaries and critical columns that feature politicians, doctors and the scholarly elite of South Africa’s academic society, it has opinions and views from the public and the editor’s viewpoint article, and my personal favourite, ‘Mampara of the Week’, that is followed by Sports News both national and international. The third editorials are titled, ‘Metro’, which feature all News reports around the city of Johannesburg and Gauteng, adverts of social events, (Drama, Theatre, Music ext.) under the title, ‘Entertainment’ with photographic reporting of social gatherings. The page titled, ‘Good Morning’, leaves a tingle in your taste buds, with a savvy on the best cuisine in and around Jo’burg’s finest restaurants where all the restaurants are critically rated on their customer service and food expertise. The back page features an interview with South Africa’s who’s who, from mass media to sporting activities. The fourth editorials are, ‘Lifestyle’, which covers the best holiday destinations both abroad and locally. It has a special report, in-depth article from any form of entertainment, be it fashion, films, new trends or music. It gives more attention to publications, biographies, and autobiographies, book fares, writers and the arts. Inside the publication you also get international news and current affairs, in the form of: ‘The New York Times’. Last but not least you get the ‘Business Times’, which feature corporate reports, careers, money ( JSE, Investments, Stock ext.) and articles for upcoming businesses called, ‘It’s My Business’. And also not forgetting the ‘Magazine’ with columns from one of South Africa’s best reviewer and columnist critic in the film industry, Barry Ronge and also provides the nation with a weekly TV guide. (www.sundaytime.co.za)
This year, the Sunday Times celebrated its centenary with an overwhelming number of about, 504 657, average sales per week and an estimated, 3.24-million readership. Cementing its long standing as Avusa Media's (previously Johnnic Publishing's) proudest offspring and rising luminary in the print media world. Over the past hundred years the Sunday Times has bare witness to humanitarian reports, political turmoil, assassinations of prominent leaders, World Wars, racism, natural disasters, revolutions, antisemitism, murders, rapes, sports, fashion, music, euthanasia, terrorism, tribalism, voyeurism and the outbreak of HIV/Aids. (www.sundaytimes.co.za)
The Sunday Times, as a witness to South Africa’s microcosms has managed to flourish under the previous regime of the apartheid government rulers, who jerked the shackles with an iron fist of the National Party through censorship. It survived propaganda, segregation, massacres and the unfair treatment of the natives of the land, when white supremacy reigned and miscegenation ideals were a blasphemous notion in the tongues of the tyrannical administration. Those who wished for freedom and democracy were imputed of terrorism, communism, (Marxist idealism) and sabotage and were sent away to Robben Island or other correctional, ‘dungeons’, renowned for their interrogation tactics, (i.e. Sun City prison). (www.sundaytimes.co.za)
The photographic archives of the Sunday Times, is the home of the best artistic photo journalism the world has ever seen. As a wise man once said: “A PICTURE SPEAKS A THOUSAND WORDS”, from the epoch of its birth the paper depicted a strong sense of fairness and diplomatic reporting to foreign countries, with a splendour of journalist dignity, proximity, timeliness, prominence, novelty, conflict, human interest, topicality, eyewitness and sex, ( ‘Elements of news value’: a new introduction to JOURNALISM, p.19). The photographic images, together with textual articles played a formidable part in defining the ethical value of the Sunday Times and have since catapulted the paper to its well known slogan, “THE PAPER FOR THE PEOPLE”.
The Sunday Times employs close to three thousand journalists, both locally and internationally, with a largest percentage of journalists, ranging from, Beat reporters, General Assignment reporters, and Special Assignment reporters to Correspondents, either freelancing or full-timely employed. Its news or articles are in-depth and gives more time to information than any other news paper does, (In South Africa) although most of its revenues are contributed by the advertising in their news paper, with adverts from corporate companies, N.G.O (Non-governmental Organizations), Government Departments, retailers to small business. The paper also dances to the strings of the populous at a reasonable price, with the administration and circulation side of the paper handled by Johnnic Publishing and the production done at, The News Paper Printing Company, in Johannesburg. It has foreign and national bureaus with editorials from London, Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth, undefeated with a distribution network spanning beyond the borders of South Africa.
In my journalistic prowess, I spoke to ‘Buti’ who has been working for the Sunday Times in the past ten years, although being a feminist at heart, ‘Buti’ confirmed to be as astute as they come. I asked ‘Buti’, what he thought was the integral part of being a journalist? He said: “The most important thing you have to lookout for is being opinionated by your own ideals and indoctrinations of how you perceive the world. A journalist must never be bias and prejudice towards the people that provides the story. You must remember that objectivity breaths wisdom and subjectivity breaths ignorance.” I then asked if he thought sensationalism was good or bad for the news paper. ‘Buti’ answered thus: “You must remember that the print media industry is a business at the end of the day and it has to feed its employees, to do so it has to create some form of hype in the way it illustrates its articles. I guess there has to be a creative drive in providing the story through proper channels and not fabrications.” Are you proud of being a journalist? I sensed a sigh, then: “I am proud of my achievements, from where I was to where I am today. Yes.”. I wanted to ask if his earnings or salary is what keeps him motivated, however knowing what journalism entails and the amount of time required for one to prove themselves worthy of being editor of any kind, I decided, to let sleeping dogs lay. (‘Buti’ source at the newspaper)
The Sunday Time is managed by the most prolific people in the print media industry, which also includes the journalistic ability that the news paper represents. It plays host to a diverse selection of journalistic artistry, from crime reporting to economical news. With the outmost integrity descended upon the world of print media. The structure of this news paper is governed by the strongest ethical duties of being, “Independent, Current, Accurate, Fair, Honest and Critical, Responsible and Objective.” (a new introduction to JOUNALISM). Freedom of the press truly governs the hierarchy of the Sunday Times. Open the pages of the ‘Lifestyle’ publication that has the most appetizing editorials of holiday destinations and human interest stories from the callow peripheries of the African Safari to the mountainous regions of Europe, cultural demonstrations and fabulous cuisine. The publication explores new trends and lifestyle of the bourgeoisie. ‘Lifestyle’ has its own editor: Laurice Taitz; assistant editor: Lerato Tshabalala; sub-editors: Garth van der Walt and Sue Plein; writers: Bongani Madondo, Caspar Greeff, and Lin Sampson. The book review pages are by Michele Magwood and cars expect page done by David Bullard. The news editor of the Sunday Times is Jessica Bezeidehout; sub-editor Berry Smith and chief sub-editor Simpiwe Philiso.
The last time I visited a news room of any news paper, I was in my early teens and I was taken abreast the walls of earthly concrete heaven with serenading sounds of keys tapping into the unknown earth, the unexplored. In my perceived thoughts that bare all the appearances of Joseph Conrad’s, ‘Heart of Darkness’, when the character Marlow reminisces about his boyhood, dreaming of adventures in the ‘Dark Continent’, and articulates: “At that time the were many blank spaces on the earth, …..But the was one yet – the biggest, the most blank, so to speak - that I had a hankering after.”. The news room that unleashed my emotive spirit into subliminal thoughts and anointed my head with an ink of poised creativity, to flow into the constant river of prose poetic streams, was none other than, Fred Khumalo’s alma mater, ‘THE SOWETAN’. Where Fred Khumalo polished his journalistic skills under a pseudonym then rose to be one of the best journalists in the Sunday Times. Their news room to my perception was like, the coming and goings of humanity, pieces of paper, silent conversations, shouts and deadlines, it captured my core. It was my first experience inside a news room and that has resided in my memories to this day.
The loveliest day of the week, is on a Sunday morning, when society rest peacefully in their soft beds and the songs of angels and birds are heard in the distant trees and worship houses, vehicles maneuvering, in the streets with House-music busting in the eardrums of men, to delete the memories of regretful deeds from the previous night of horror and booze. The breeze strikes my face, a man shouts in the distance: “Your paper, Sir!” I walk towards the gate and there, she sleeps her bold words scarlet like a Rose with thorns of black ink tears, ‘THE SUNDAY TIMES’. I pick her up in merriment and into my house, I herald her. Then, into the pages of her short knowledgeable life my eyes are lost in scrutiny, inside ‘The Paper for the People’.
By Linda Sakazi Thwala
(Please note that, the aforementioned names of journalists and editors may have changed since this article was written in the year 2006)
Sunday, October 4, 2009
THE MISSING PIECE OF THE PUZZLE-WHY AFRICA REMAINS UNDERDEVELOPED
When African countries became independent, political leaders were faced with two main challenges. The first was consolidating their political power and achieve domestic stability and peace. The second was transforming their countries economies from their colonial design as suppliers of raw material produced through the exploitation of indigenous population.
Today this dream seem impossible, Africa story is far more complex. Old conflicts continue to erupt creating dashed dream to the people. Example include the genocide in Rwanda, civil wars in Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Liberia, Gabon, Uganda, DRC, Cote d’ivoure and Zimbabwe to name the few. These conflicts caused untold suffering and destruction to already underdeveloped infrastructure. What went wrong to this continent -shaped like a question mark? Well let me dissect my thesis.
Historically colonisation was not design to develop the human capital of indigenous people. The driving motive was to extract the continent mineral and agricultural raw materials to be shipped to the mother country for processing into manufactured goods. With this only in mind, colonisers required from the colonised a steady supply of unskilled labour.
Independency did not bring economic transformation in Africa as it did in Asia. It entrenched the economic inequalities inherited from colonialism. The new black elites merely replaced the former white colonial elites, and the exploitation of blacks still continues as before, as did the exploitation of Africa ‘s mineral resources-the copper, gold, bauxite, iron ore, cobalt, oil, timber, cotton, coffee, cocoa beans-drawn from the continent and exported to the rest of the world.
It is this drive to retain control over the continent resources that goes some way to explaining the interest of these black elites not to help the dire African population. Allow me to take you to Equatorial Guinea. This country was never well governed from the start. Mr Obiang Nguema, the president seized power by executing his uncle in 1979. The oil has made his regime paranoid. Several members of the ruling family are thought to want a bigger slurp at the oil barrel.
Mr Obiang sees plot everywhere and arrange periodic crackdown. Several opposition leaders were jailed last year after a mass trial, to which many of the defendants turned up with broken arms and legs. Mr Obiang scoffs at notions of transparency, insisting that how much money his government earns from the oil is nobody business. Oil has turned me crazy lamented Mr Bacele a brave opposition politician.
Next door in Gabon, Omar Bongo has been in power since 1967. Unlike Mr Obiang Nguema he does not torture his enemies but buy them off. Decades of oil revenues have corrupted Gabonese work ethic. Citizens aspire to non-paying jobs like taxi driving or shop keeping, others leave the country to the poorest countries such as Mali and Togo. Infrastructure development in these countries is nothing ,but the death end.
Zimbabwe represents a textbook story of how a successful country turns into trash. Today, this country pride itself with fossils of pre-industrial, pre-agrarian formation that are unable to deliver any economic sense. The stunted subsistence economic systems established by colonialist and perpetuated since their departure have left Zimbabwe unable to absorb new technologies and new management methods. Thanks to greediness between Mugabe and his close allies. Zimbabwe has become notorious-declining life expectancy, capital flight, brain drain, deforestation and growing dependency on foreign food donated by other counties.
A few kilometres away of Lusaka lies a town Kafue. Once upon a time, Kafue was a hive of economic activites. It had textile, fertiliser, chemical plants and railway line that serve these industries, but today Kafue is a ghost town. Once again thanks to poor management from the country political elites who see power as a vehicle to move to the oasis and left the dire population in poverty. Zambia is not the only country with nothing to show for its post-independency but also Nigeria. The alumium smelter and oil in Niger delta leave much to be desired. Corruption linked with kidnapping have left majority very poor while political elites emerged with lump sum from kick bags from western countries.
Kenya provides a graphic illustration of the assassination to destroy leaders who questioned the neo-colonial agenda from these black elites. Within the few years of independency several progressive Kenyans –Tom Mboya, Pio Pinto, J M Kariuki and Robert Ouko, to name but a few died in mysterious circumstances. Therefore, Africa underdevelopment crisis can then be described as a slow and frustrated emergence of an independent black middle class from the mid 1960 to the present. This class has not only fought for independency but also control of Africa mineral resource and re-colonise its own people.
I wrote this article out love for Africa therefore, I should speak the truth unopposed. Politics in Africa has failed the people dismally. It has failed to develop new institution of cooperation among its citizen and to produce the type of leaders required to take society forward in this ever changing global environment. For the continent to develop we need leaders that energies the citizen to achieve a common objective. In order for citizen to do so, however two key elements must be present- institutions that facilitate cooperation and leaders who ensure that these institutions function and deliver on expectations. Among other things are incentives of fairness, social justice, equity and significant investment on human capital. The millennium development goal will forever be dream in a pipeline unless, Africa start uprooting the evils of neo-colonial and fill the missing piece of the puzzle
God bless Africa.
By Cyprian Thwala
Today this dream seem impossible, Africa story is far more complex. Old conflicts continue to erupt creating dashed dream to the people. Example include the genocide in Rwanda, civil wars in Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Liberia, Gabon, Uganda, DRC, Cote d’ivoure and Zimbabwe to name the few. These conflicts caused untold suffering and destruction to already underdeveloped infrastructure. What went wrong to this continent -shaped like a question mark? Well let me dissect my thesis.
Historically colonisation was not design to develop the human capital of indigenous people. The driving motive was to extract the continent mineral and agricultural raw materials to be shipped to the mother country for processing into manufactured goods. With this only in mind, colonisers required from the colonised a steady supply of unskilled labour.
Independency did not bring economic transformation in Africa as it did in Asia. It entrenched the economic inequalities inherited from colonialism. The new black elites merely replaced the former white colonial elites, and the exploitation of blacks still continues as before, as did the exploitation of Africa ‘s mineral resources-the copper, gold, bauxite, iron ore, cobalt, oil, timber, cotton, coffee, cocoa beans-drawn from the continent and exported to the rest of the world.
It is this drive to retain control over the continent resources that goes some way to explaining the interest of these black elites not to help the dire African population. Allow me to take you to Equatorial Guinea. This country was never well governed from the start. Mr Obiang Nguema, the president seized power by executing his uncle in 1979. The oil has made his regime paranoid. Several members of the ruling family are thought to want a bigger slurp at the oil barrel.
Mr Obiang sees plot everywhere and arrange periodic crackdown. Several opposition leaders were jailed last year after a mass trial, to which many of the defendants turned up with broken arms and legs. Mr Obiang scoffs at notions of transparency, insisting that how much money his government earns from the oil is nobody business. Oil has turned me crazy lamented Mr Bacele a brave opposition politician.
Next door in Gabon, Omar Bongo has been in power since 1967. Unlike Mr Obiang Nguema he does not torture his enemies but buy them off. Decades of oil revenues have corrupted Gabonese work ethic. Citizens aspire to non-paying jobs like taxi driving or shop keeping, others leave the country to the poorest countries such as Mali and Togo. Infrastructure development in these countries is nothing ,but the death end.
Zimbabwe represents a textbook story of how a successful country turns into trash. Today, this country pride itself with fossils of pre-industrial, pre-agrarian formation that are unable to deliver any economic sense. The stunted subsistence economic systems established by colonialist and perpetuated since their departure have left Zimbabwe unable to absorb new technologies and new management methods. Thanks to greediness between Mugabe and his close allies. Zimbabwe has become notorious-declining life expectancy, capital flight, brain drain, deforestation and growing dependency on foreign food donated by other counties.
A few kilometres away of Lusaka lies a town Kafue. Once upon a time, Kafue was a hive of economic activites. It had textile, fertiliser, chemical plants and railway line that serve these industries, but today Kafue is a ghost town. Once again thanks to poor management from the country political elites who see power as a vehicle to move to the oasis and left the dire population in poverty. Zambia is not the only country with nothing to show for its post-independency but also Nigeria. The alumium smelter and oil in Niger delta leave much to be desired. Corruption linked with kidnapping have left majority very poor while political elites emerged with lump sum from kick bags from western countries.
Kenya provides a graphic illustration of the assassination to destroy leaders who questioned the neo-colonial agenda from these black elites. Within the few years of independency several progressive Kenyans –Tom Mboya, Pio Pinto, J M Kariuki and Robert Ouko, to name but a few died in mysterious circumstances. Therefore, Africa underdevelopment crisis can then be described as a slow and frustrated emergence of an independent black middle class from the mid 1960 to the present. This class has not only fought for independency but also control of Africa mineral resource and re-colonise its own people.
I wrote this article out love for Africa therefore, I should speak the truth unopposed. Politics in Africa has failed the people dismally. It has failed to develop new institution of cooperation among its citizen and to produce the type of leaders required to take society forward in this ever changing global environment. For the continent to develop we need leaders that energies the citizen to achieve a common objective. In order for citizen to do so, however two key elements must be present- institutions that facilitate cooperation and leaders who ensure that these institutions function and deliver on expectations. Among other things are incentives of fairness, social justice, equity and significant investment on human capital. The millennium development goal will forever be dream in a pipeline unless, Africa start uprooting the evils of neo-colonial and fill the missing piece of the puzzle
God bless Africa.
By Cyprian Thwala
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